Background: There is a notable gap in systematic reviews concerning hybrid pedagogical models (PMs) integrated with the Sport Education Model (SEM) and their impact on students’ outcomes. Purpose: Which hybrid PMs incorporating SEM are currently the mainstream choices in research, and what are the main factors supporting their integration? How does SEM function as a foundational model in these hybrid teaching approaches? What learning outcomes are optimized through the hybrid models that combine SEM with other PMs? Methods: A systematic search was conducted in major databases in December 2023 following PRISMA guidelines. Out of the identified 1342 studies, 30 met the eligibility criteria, all of which were deemed to be of high quality. Results: Seven hybrid types were identified, primarily composed of two PMs, among which the blend of SEM and Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) emerges as the mainstream in current research. SEM, serving as the foundational structure, provides a stable framework for the hybrid, termed the "SEM + 1 model," yielding positive effects on enhancing students’ learning outcomes. Conclusions: Pedagogical models align with PMs’ motivational aspects, thus enhancing learning outcomes. However, evidence for partial hybrids is lacking. Future research should explore diverse interventions, addressing coherence and teacher competence, while maintaining fidelity.

Despite substantial evidence supporting the positive effects of the Sport Education Model (SEM) on students’ physical abilities, mental health, and social skills, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the moderating variables that influence its effectiveness. This study investigates the facilitative effects of SEM on students’ physical education learning and examines the Participant and Intervention Characteristics that modulate its impact. Following the PICOS framework, two researchers independently conducted a comprehensive literature search across Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCOhost (CINAHL with Full Text and SPORTDiscus with Full Text) databases. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, and a meta-analysis was performed on the selected studies. A total of 15 studies involving 2,890 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicate that SEM significantly improves students’ physical education learning outcomes (Effect size = 0.590, 95% CI: 0.284–0.897, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed that SEM intervention was particularly effective for secondary school students (Effect size = 1.055, 95% CI: 0.361–1.759, P = 0.003), those in small class sizes (Effect size = 1.058, 95% CI: 0.314–1.802, P = 0.005), and students without prior SEM experience (Effect size = 0.604, 95% CI: 0.136–1.072, P = 0.011), and the most effective SEM intervention plan comprises 2 sessions per week (Effect size = 1.820, 95% CI: 0.486–3.154, P = 0.008), with each session lasting at least 60 minutes (Effect size = 1.002, 95% CI: 0.437–1.568, P = 0.001) and a total of no more than 18 sessions (Effect size = 0.654, 95% CI: 0.297–1.010, P = 0.001). SEM effectively enhances students’ physical education learning and positively influences their cognitive and non-cognitive abilities. The most effective intervention includes two weekly lessons of at least 60 minutes each, totaling no more than 18 lessons, targeting secondary students without prior SEM experience in small class sizes. This study offers practical recommendations for SEM implementation and theoretical support for the high-quality development of school sports.

Objective: To explore the effects of long-term exercise of Tai Chi Chuan, walking, and Jiamusi gymnastics on the health-related factors of physical fitness among middle-aged and elderly women.Methods: Long-term exercise Tai Chi Chuan group, walking group, Jiamusi gymnastics group, and non-exercise group were used to measure their health-related physical fitness, balance, and life satisfaction through long-term exercise Tai Chi Chuan group, walking group, Jiamusi gymnastics group, and non-exercise group matched by age, height, and weight.Results: Compared with control group, Tai Chi Chuan were significant differences in all indicators, except systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate (RHR), and life satisfaction (p < 0.05). Walking were significant differences in RHR, force vital capacity (FVC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), sit and reach (SR), handgrip strength (HGS), and chair stand test (CS; p < 0.05). Jiamusi gymnastics had a significant difference in FVC, hip circumferences (HC), SR, HGS, and back scratch (BS). Compared with different exercise group, Tai Chi Chuan exercises significantly improved balance, SR, and WHR. Jiamusi gymnastics had a statistically significant impact on RHR. The CS was statistically impacted by walking.Conclusion: Middle-aged and older women are affected differently by different types of exercise. When the three groups—Tai Chi Chuan, walking, and Jiamusi gymnastics—were compared, it was discovered that Tai Chi Chuan had a greater impact on improving balance and trunk flexibility, Jiamusi gymnastics had a greater impact on improving cardiopulmonary fitness, and walking was more effective at strengthening the lower limbs.

INPLASY2023100019 Effects of Sport Education Model on Content Knowledge, Technical Skill, and Game Performance among Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Keywords: Sport Education Model,…

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