The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has become one of the cornerstones of neuropathology, influencing synaptic plasticity, cognitive resilience, and neuronal survival. Apart from its molecular biology, BDNF is a powerful target for transformative benefit in precision medicine, leading to innovative therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nevertheless, clinical applicability is obstructed by hurdles in delivery, patient-specific diversity, and pleiotropic signaling. Here, we summarize findings in BDNF research, including its regulatory pathways and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and integrative therapeutic approaches. We describe innovative delivery systems, such as lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA therapies and CRISPR-dCas9-based epigenetic editing that bypass obstacles such as BBB (blood–brain barrier) and enzymatic degradation. The recent implementation of multiplex panels combining BDNF biodynamic indicators with tau and amyloid-β signaling markers showcases novel levels of specificity for both early detection and potential therapeutic monitoring. Humanized preclinical models like iPSC-derived neurons and organoids point to the key role of BDNF in neurodeveloping and neurodegenerative processes, paralleling advances in bridging preclinical observation and clinical environments. Moreover, novel therapeutic tools delivering TrkB activators or the implementation of AI-based dynamic care platforms enable tailored and scalable treatments. This review also aims to extend a framework used in the understanding of BDNF’s relevance to traditional neurodegenerative models by situating more recent work detailing BDNF’s actions in ischemic tissues and the gut–brain axis in the context of systemic health. Finally, we outline a roadmap for the incorporation of BDNF-centered therapies into worldwide healthcare, highlighting ethical issues, equity, and interdisciplinary decomposition. The therapeutic potential of BDNF heralds a new era in neuroscience and medicine, revolutionizing brain health and paving the way for the advancement of precision medicine.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, and Huntington’s, remain formidable challenges in medicine, with their relentless progression and limited therapeutic options. These diseases arise from a web of molecular disturbances—misfolded proteins, chronic neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and genetic mutations—that slowly dismantle neuronal integrity. Yet, recent scientific breakthroughs are opening new paths to intervene in these once-intractable conditions. This review synthesizes the latest insights into the underlying molecular dynamics of neurodegeneration, revealing how intertwined pathways drive the course of these diseases. With an eye on the most promising advances, we explore innovative therapies emerging from cutting-edge research: nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems capable of navigating the blood–brain barrier, gene-editing tools like CRISPR designed to correct harmful genetic variants, and stem cell strategies that not only replace lost neurons but foster neuroprotective environments. Pharmacogenomics is reshaping treatment personalization, enabling tailored therapies that align with individual genetic profiles, while molecular diagnostics and biomarkers are ushering in an era of early, precise disease detection. Furthermore, novel perspectives on the gut–brain axis are sparking interest as mounting evidence suggests that microbiome modulation may play a role in reducing neuroinflammatory responses linked to neurodegenerative progression. Taken together, these advances signal a shift toward a comprehensive, personalized approach that could transform neurodegenerative care. By integrating molecular insights and innovative therapeutic techniques, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on a future where treatments aim not just to manage symptoms but to fundamentally alter disease progression, presenting renewed hope for improved patient outcomes.

Neuroimmunology is reshaping the understanding of the central nervous system (CNS), revealing it as an active immune organ rather than an isolated structure. This review delves into the unprecedented discoveries transforming the field, including the emerging roles of microglia, astrocytes, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in orchestrating neuroimmune dynamics. Highlighting their dual roles in both repair and disease progression, we uncover how these elements contribute to the intricate pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular conditions, and CNS tumors. Novel insights into microglial priming, astrocytic cytokine networks, and meningeal lymphatics challenge the conventional paradigms of immune privilege, offering fresh perspectives on disease mechanisms. This work introduces groundbreaking therapeutic innovations, from precision immunotherapies to the controlled modulation of the BBB using nanotechnology and focused ultrasound. Moreover, we explore the fusion of immune modulation with neuromodulatory technologies, underscoring new frontiers for personalized medicine in previously intractable diseases. By synthesizing these advancements, we propose a transformative framework that integrates cutting-edge research with clinical translation, charting a bold path toward redefining CNS disease management in the era of precision neuroimmunology.

Neurodegenerative disorders often acquire due to genetic predispositions and genomic alterations after exposure to multiple risk factors. The most commonly found pathologies are variations of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia, as well as rare subtypes of cerebral and cerebellar atrophy-based syndromes. In an emerging era of biomedical advances, molecular–cellular studies offer an essential avenue for a thorough recognition of the underlying mechanisms and their possible implications in the patient’s symptomatology. This comprehensive review is focused on deciphering molecular mechanisms and the implications regarding those pathologies’ clinical advancement and provides an analytical overview of genetic mutations in the case of neurodegenerative disorders. With the help of well-developed modern genetic investigations, these clinically complex disturbances are highly understood nowadays, being an important step in establishing molecularly targeted therapies and implementing those approaches in the physician’s practice.

This review focuses on the contribution of medical imaging in the diagnosis of peripheral vestibular disorders. This is a narrative review based on a focused literature search conducted using PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Imaging is not usually recommended in initial consultations for vestibular disorders because only 5–10% of MRI scans reveal findings directly related to the disease. The study is a review of the literature that highlights the utility and limitations of imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It follows the diagnostic approach from history and physical examination to laboratory tests and imaging. Some conditions like vestibular neuritis and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) have limited imaging utility due to the fine details required. Conversely, high-resolution CT and MRI are important for diagnosing Meniere’s disease, acoustic neuroma, and superior canal dehiscence. The role of imaging varies a lot among specific conditions. Advances in imaging technology, particularly high-resolution MRI, promise enhanced diagnostic capabilities.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate how the surgical technique and type of implanted intraocular lens influence the postoperative visual acuity and complications in ectopia lentis associated to Marfan syndrome patients. Materials and Methods: The medical records and videos of ectopia lentis surgeries in patients (children and adults) with Marfan syndrome, were retrospectively reviewed and compared. The study included 33 eyes that underwent four different intraocular lens implantation (IOL) techniques: IOL in conjunction with a simple capsular tension ring, IOL in conjunction with a Cionni modified capsular tension ring (m-CTR), two-point scleral IOL fixation and IOL with one haptic in the bag and one haptic sutured to the sclera. Results: Vision significantly improved from a mean preoperative visual acuity of 0.1122 to a mean postoperative visual acuity of 0.4539 in both age groups (p < 0.0001), with no difference in the primary outcome between children and adults. The most common surgical technique used in both age groups was IOL in conjunction with an m-CTR. There was only one major postoperative complication requiring additional surgery. Conclusions: Zonular weakness mainly influenced by age was the most important selection criterion for the surgical approach. Regardless of the technique employed, the postoperative visual acuity was improved in both adults and children.