This review focuses on the contribution of medical imaging in the diagnosis of peripheral vestibular disorders. This is a narrative review based on a focused literature search conducted using PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Imaging is not usually recommended in initial consultations for vestibular disorders because only 5–10% of MRI scans reveal findings directly related to the disease. The study is a review of the literature that highlights the utility and limitations of imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It follows the diagnostic approach from history and physical examination to laboratory tests and imaging. Some conditions like vestibular neuritis and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) have limited imaging utility due to the fine details required. Conversely, high-resolution CT and MRI are important for diagnosing Meniere’s disease, acoustic neuroma, and superior canal dehiscence. The role of imaging varies a lot among specific conditions. Advances in imaging technology, particularly high-resolution MRI, promise enhanced diagnostic capabilities.

Displacement of foreign bodies into the maxillary sinus is still a rare pathology, but the incidence is increasing continuously with the development of dental procedures. Most cases of foreign bodies are associated with dental procedures. These can be of varying natures, such as dental implants, fractured teeth roots, endodontic materials and tools, dental burs, dental impression materials or dental fillings materials. Less frequent are the foreign bodies of non-dental origin, which are related to facial injuries in accidents or assaults. The diagnosis is based on careful clinical and radiological examinations. Foreign bodies should be diagnosed and treated on time in order to prevent complications, mainly acute or chronic rhinosinusitis. In this article, we review the main characteristics regarding the incidence, etiology, diagnosis and treatment options – endoscopic and an external approach for the removal of a displaced foreign body into the maxillary sinus. Also, we present our personal experience and treatment options, highlighting the importance of pre-operative evaluation, proper imaging assessment, adequate access and visibility and adequate surgical technique, in order to prevent later sinonasal infectious complications.

Background and Objectives: This study reviews the current literature on ocular movements, specifically focusing on nystagmus associated with peripheral vestibular disorders, to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The evaluation of ocular movements, particularly nystagmus, provides essential insights into the function and dysfunction of the vestibular system, helping clinicians distinguish between peripheral and central causes of vertigo and imbalance. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted using key terms such as “ocular movements”, “nystagmus”, “vestibular nystagmus”, and “peripheral vestibular disorders”. Results: The search yielded 2739 titles, and after a rigorous selection process, 52 articles were reviewed in full. Discussion: The review highlights different classifications and types of nystagmus, including physiological and pathological forms, and their diagnostic relevance in vestibular disorders such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, and Meniere’s disease. Diagnostic techniques like video/electro-oculography are emphasized for their role in assessing vestibular function and identifying abnormalities. The study underscores the importance of detailed ocular examination in the diagnosis of peripheral vestibular disorders and proposes an algorithm to aid this process. Conclusions: While not a systematic review, this study highlights the importance of detailed ocular examination in diagnosing peripheral vestibular disorders and presents an algorithm to facilitate this process. It also emphasizes the need for continued research and advancements in vestibular medicine to further understand ocular movements and their clinical significance, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.

Background and Objectives: Due to the evolution of cataract surgery into a refractive procedure in which optimizing visual quality extends beyond achieving good visual acuity, high-order aberrations have been increasingly recognized as important contributors to postoperative visual performance. This scoping review aims to map and synthesize the available evidence on higher-order aberrations in the context of cataract surgery, with a focus on the surgical techniques, intraocular lens (IOL) design, measurement factors, and their association with the visual outcomes. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A search of electronic databases was performed using a predefined Boolean strategy, complemented by a manual screening of reference lists and independent searches. Studies evaluating higher-order aberrations (HOAs) before and/or after cataract surgery were included. Data were charted descriptively, and findings were synthesized narratively. Results: A total of 94 studies were included. The evidence shows that differences in HOA profiles are based on the surgical techniques, IOL designs (monofocal, multifocal, toric, and extended depth-of-focus), and measurement devices. Increased HOAs were frequently associated with reduced contrast sensitivity, especially under mesopic conditions. Tear-film instability and pupil size were additional factors contributing to dynamic changes in wavefront aberrations. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was observed across studies. Conclusions: The current body of evidence suggests a strong connection between corneal characteristics, IOL design, surgical techniques, patient-specific factors, and postoperative visual quality. HOAs play an important but not an exclusive role. Future research should focus on standardized measurement approaches, population-specific optical considerations, and personalized strategies to optimize visual quality after cataract surgery.

Background: The main cause of chronic nasal obstruction in ENT practice is represented by the deviated nasal septum. Septoplasty remains the gold standard treatment, performed using either conventional or endoscopic techniques. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between May 1999 and October 2024. Eligible studies included adult patients (≥16 years) undergoing conventional or endoscopic septoplasty, with at least one reported outcome measure: NOSE, VAS, or SNOT-22 scores; operative time; or complication rates. Results: Across multiple clinical studies, both conventional and endoscopic septoplasty provided significant improvements in nasal airflow and symptom relief. Endoscopic septoplasty was consistently associated with superior intraoperative visualization, more precise correction of posterior deformities and isolated septal spurs, and lower rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Complication rates were low overall for both approaches. Conclusions: Current evidence supports both conventional and endoscopic septoplasty as effective treatments for nasal obstruction due to septal deviation. However, endoscopic septoplasty offers distinct advantages in terms of visualization, operative efficiency, and safety, making it an increasingly preferred technique.

Purpose: This review aims to analyze the diagnostic methods used to evaluate inferior vestibular nerve neuritis. Methods: We performed an electronic search on the PubMed database for clinical studies investigating the diagnostic techniques used for inferior vestibular nerve neuritis. Results: We initially identified 114 records in our search. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we narrowed it down to 12 studies. These studies collectively examined a total of 642 patients diagnosed with vestibular nerve neuritis, 64 of whom had inferior vestibular neuritis. Conclusions: The inferior vestibular neuritis is an unfrequent form of vestibular neuritis, often misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of inferior vestibular neuritis (IVN) is based on clinical history and vestibular testing, specifically reduced posterior canal gain on video head impulse test (vHIT), absent cervical VEMP (cVEMP), normal caloric responses, and preserved ocular VEMP (oVEMP). This review highlights the gaps in current diagnostic strategies and emphasizes the need for integrating advanced vestibular testing methods to enhance diagnostic accuracy for inferior vestibular nerve neuritis. Future studies should address the standardization of diagnostic protocols to facilitate broader clinical application.