Applying safety means in the industry, especially in the petroleum industry is very important to maintain the industrial facility. A semi-quantitative risk assessment as Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is used widely to quantify data after qualitative risk analysis as HAZOP using a simpler way than quantitative risk analysis ‘QRA’ as fault tree analysis ‘FTA’. This determines if a new safety integrity function ‘SIF’ is needed. This paper introduces a novel fuzzy logic system to solve the failure of crude oil shipping pumps. Several models are studied to select the most appropriate fuzzy membership functions. Results are compared with results from the LOPA model, which shows the advantages of using the proposed model to reduce the RRF for the potential hazard and achieve a simple and reliable control method.

In this study, the author improved and modified g-C₃N₄ by doping it with the metals Ag and Cu, which changed the photochemical properties of g-C₃N₄, narrowed the band gap, and improved the photocatalytic performance regarding quantum efficiency. Organic hydrocarbons such as 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) are very stable prepared materials produced as intermediates to obtain polyvinyl chloride, and the prepared photo-catalyst is an innovative method for extreme decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons. However, some significant results were obtained using different analysis techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the addition of Ag and Cu-NPS partially altered the structure of pure graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄-Pure). Scanning electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the morphological features of Ag-Cu/g-C₃N₄ contain quantum dots of Ag and Cu nanoparticles in addition to 2d-g-C₃N₄. The better separation of the photo-generated charge carriers is attributed to better photoactivity in the case of 0.3 g Ag-Cu/g-C₃N₄ with a reaction time of less than 30 min. Furthermore, the Ag-Cu/g-C₃N₄ recycling experiment showed that the catalyst remained stable after three stages of the pyrolysis experimental cycle. Another clear indicator of DCE degradation is the measurement using the titration of the Cl ions released by the decomposition.

Biopolymer chitosan has several desirable properties, including its abundance in nature, low cost, adaptable structure, diverse functional groups, high adsorption capacity, biocompatibility, and lack of environmental impact. It may be processed into many different forms, all of which exhibit numerous features linked to membranes, and ranks as the second most common biopolymer. Chitosan is made from recycled mussel shells. Two different membranes are compared to the Chitosan/Poly vinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) electrospun nano fibers that they create. Electrospinning was utilized to make nanofibers of CS/PVA. Two distinct types of Chitosan/PVA membrane were produced: one by blending chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol at a vol/vol ratio of 50/50, and the other by grafting PVA and Chitosan onto a CA-RO membrane. Heavy metal removal and desalination performance of both membranes were assessed. The crystallinity of the membrane and its structural properties was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrospun fibers were found to be nanosized in scanning electron micrographs. Unlike the composite, which appeared smooth and homogenous in SEM micrographs, the CS/PVA membrane's surface is similar to that of fibers. When the composite membrane was cut in half, several grafted pores became visible.

Natural gas purification is a critical process to meet environmental standards and enhance the fuel's usability. Methyl Diethanolamine (MDEA) has proven to be an effective and economical solvent for removing acid gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) from natural gas streams. This study aims to design and analyze a purification system capable of treating 27905.43 Nm3/h of natural gas using an MDEA absorption-regeneration cycle. The study included process simulation in ASPEN HYSYS v11.0, design of major equipment, and a feasibility assessment of the system's economic performance. The purification system includes an absorber, regenerator, lean/rich heat exchanger, separator, and booster pump, all designed based on material and energy balances. Key results indicate that 72,628 kg/h of MDEA solution is required to achieve a CO₂ removal efficiency exceeding 98%. The absorber, utilizing 25 sieve trays, was designed to optimize solvent contact for efficient gas absorption. The lean/rich heat exchanger was optimized for energy efficiency, showing a heat transfer area of 241.28 m² in ASPEN HYSYS calculations. Additionally, economic analysis estimated a fixed capital investment of $5.7 million, with an operating cost of $8.14 million per year. The payback period for the project was determined to be 1.74 years, demonstrating strong economic feasibility. This study highlights the technical and economic viability of using MDEA-based absorption for CO₂ removal, providing insights into process optimization and cost efficiency for large-scale natural gas purification plants.