Genetic variability in rice breeding programs plays a very crucial role. It provides an outstanding pool of superior alleles governing better agronomic and quality characters through association mapping. For a greater understanding of population structure, the genetic relationship among different rice lines is indispensable prior to the setting of a correlation among dynamic alleles and traits. In the present investigation, the genetic diversity and population structure of 116 rice accessions were studied to understand genetic relatedness and diversity among them using 64 polymorphic SSR markers. A genotyping assessment based on SSR markers revealed a total of 225 alleles, with an average PIC value of 0.755. The germplasm lines were classified into three distinct subgroups through population structure analysis, utilizing both model- and distance-based approaches. AMOVA analysis showed that 11% of the total variation could be attributed to differences between groups, while the remaining 89% was likely due to differences within groups. This study suggested that population structure and genetic relatedness should be considered to establish marker–trait associations for association mapping when working with the core collection of germplasm lines.

Climate change poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability. As the frequency of heavy rainfall has increased globally, waterlogging has become a pressing global issue that has a significant impact on the growth and development of oilseed crops. Due to decreased aerobic respiration in the rhizosphere, various physiological processes, including metabolic reactions, hormone production, and signaling cascades, are adversely impacted by waterlogging. These physiological changes impair reproductive health, resulting in decreased oilseed crop yields. In response to waterlogging, the most common resistance mechanisms developed by crop plants are development of aerenchyma, adventitious roots, and radial oxygen loss barrier. Consequently, the identification and selection of parents with resistance mechanisms, as well as their incorporation into breeding programmes, are essential for sustaining crop production. Thus, a better understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms during waterlogging followed by identification of underlying key regulatory molecules would greatly facilitate the oilseed breeding programs. This review systematically summarizes the response of crop plants to waterlogging through adaptations and the strategies for introduction of waterlogging resistance in oilseed crops.

Genetic variability in rice breeding program plays the very crucial role. It provides outstanding pool of superior alleles governing better agronomic and quality characters through association mapping. For the understanding of population structure and genetic relationship among the different rice lines is indispensable prior to setting of correlation among dynamic alleles and traits. In the present investigation, genetic diversity and population structure of 116 rice accessions by using 64 polymorphic SSR markers was targeted for the evaluation of the genetic relatedness and diversity. Genotyping assessment based on SSR markers revealed a total of 225 alleles, with an average PIC value of 0.755. The germplasm lines were classified into three distinct subgroups through population structure analysis, utilizing both model and distance-based approaches. AMOVA analysis showed that 11% of the total variation could be attributed to differences between groups, while the remaining 89% of the variation was likely due to differences within groups. The study suggests that the population structure and genetic relatedness should be considered when working with the core collection of 116 rice germplasm lines for association mapping, aiming to establish marker-trait associations.

Biotic stresses are the major constraints limiting the production and productivity of rice crop across the world. Development of biotic stress tolerant rice cultivar through conventional breeding method is very effective but it takes long time. Markers assisted back cross breeding using the efficiency of DNA based markers have a marvellous potential for the development of disease tolerant rice cultivars. The large number of DNA based markers are available and associated to the gene of interest for gene pyramiding for various biotic constraints like bacterial leaf blight, blast, brown plant hopper, sheath blight, stem borer etc. In this literature, we presented the recent gene based and gene linked markers frequently distributed throughout the rice genome for the various biotic stresses in maker assisted breeding programs for improvement.

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses, particularly Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), which cause substantial economic...

Nitrogen management is an important component of legume-based agroforestry, particularly where mineral nitrogen inputs and biological nitrogen acquisition interact. The present study evaluated contrasting mineral nitrogen and Rhizobium management treatments in a shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)–jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) agroforestry system under the semi-arid conditions of Bundelkhand, India. The experiment was conducted during 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 at the Forestry Research Farm, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University (RLBCAU), Jhansi, India, using six treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The present study evaluated the effects of contrasting mineral N levels and Rhizobium inoculation on jack bean growth, yield, nodulation and N uptake, together with shisham growth and soil N status, under a semi-arid agroforestry system. The treatments comprised sole jack bean with 0 and 100% recommended nitrogen, shisham–jack bean with 0, 50 and 100% recommended nitrogen, and Rhizobium-inoculated shisham–jack bean without mineral nitrogen. Nitrogen management had a considerable impact on the growth, production, nodulation, and nitrogen concentration of jack beans. The sole jack bean receiving 100% of the recommended N (T₂) exhibited the significantly highest plant height (108.75 cm), number of pods per plant (11.63), seeds per pod (7.70), and seed yield (899 kg ha⁻¹), whereas the shisham–jack bean system with 100% recommended nitrogen (T₅) yielded a similar seed output of 876 kg ha⁻¹. Rhizobium-inoculated shisham–jack bean without mineral nitrogen (T₆) showed the most significant nodulation (37.35 nodules per plant), nodule dry weight (303.25 mg plant⁻¹), seed nitrogen concentration (2.98%), soil NH₄⁺-N (10.15 mg kg⁻¹) and NO₃⁻-N (6.68 mg kg⁻¹). Total nitrogen concentration by plants was significantly highest in T₅ (53.63 kg N ha⁻¹) and was statistically at par with T₂ and T₆. The growth and biomass accumulation of shisham were similarly maximized in T₅, which achieved a tree height of 5.31 m, a diameter at breast height of 8.99 cm, and a total biomass of 9.60 Mg ha⁻¹. The findings indicate that suitable mineral nitrogen supplementation augmented productivity in the shisham–jack bean system, but Rhizobium inoculation enhanced nodulation and was associated with greater plant N concentration and soil mineral N under zero mineral-N conditions.