Background and Objectives: This study aims to establish the sheep head as a viable anatomical model for training in functional endoscopic sinus surgery through comprehensive anatomical examination and training-based assessment of participants’ satisfaction. Materials and Methods: Participants were divided into three groups according to their prior experience in endoscopic sinus surgery; in total, 24 participants were included. Each participant in the study was assigned to perform the designated procedures on a single sheep’s head. Following the completion of the procedures, each participant was provided with a 14-item comprehensive satisfaction questionnaire with a scale attributed from 1 to 5. The normality of distribution was checked by applying the Shapiro-Wilk Test. The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to compare study group sentiment of agreement towards individual procedures. Results: No significant differences were noted between the answers of the different groups. For the resident group, the average satisfaction score was 4.09 ± 0.54; junior specialist group 4.00 ± 0.55; for the senior specialist group overall satisfaction average score was 4.2 ± 0.77. Conclusions: The sheep’s head can be successfully used for learning and practicing manual skills and the use of instruments specific to functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Moreover, the sheep head model can be used for training in other diagnostic or surgical procedures in the field of otorhinolaryngology, such as endoscopy of the salivary glands, open laryngotracheal surgery, or in otologic surgery, but also in other different surgical fields such as neurosurgery, ophthalmology or plastic surgery. Despite the differences between the ovine model and human anatomy, it provides a resourceful and cost-effective model for beginners in endoscopic nasal surgery.

Cutaneous squamous scell carcinoma (cSCC) is a frequent non-melanoma skin cancer that originates from keratinocytes with increased prevalence. cSCC can be either in situ, as in Bowen’s disease, or extended. Advanced age, accumulated sun exposure, light pigmentation, and prior skin cancer diagnosis are all significant risk factors for cSCC. Although most cSCCs can be treated surgically, some recur and metastasize, resulting in death. The role of immune status is not yet determined in the prognosis of these patients. Objective. Immunosuppressed patients are more likely to develop cSCC, which is often characterized by more aggressive, multifocal lesions. This study aimed to determine the risks of mortality in patients with cSCC and immunosuppression versus non immunosuppression and to compare variations in overall survival based on different clinical features. Method. We evaluated clinical cases of patients at “Sfantul Apostol Andrei” Emergency Hospital of Galati, Romania, from 1 March 2018 to 1 April 2024. Subjects in the trial had to be at least 18 years old and have a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cHNSCC). We divided the patients into two different categories based on whether they had immunosuppression. Results. In this cohort of 68 subjects with cSCC, patients with immunosuppression had significantly lower overall survival, as well as lower three- and five-year survival rates compared with those without immunosuppression, even after adjustment for age, sex, stage, and previous surgical treatment. The median survival time for immunosuppressed individuals ranged from 11 to 21 months, varying based on their particular characteristics, and most critically, on the presence of other malignancies, while that of immunocompetent patients ranged from 18 to 51 months. In addition, immune-deficient patients with early-stage disease had a 21-month median survival rate that changed to11 months for advanced-stage cases. In a similar manner, immunocompetent patients with early-stage cancer had a significantly better median survival than those withadvancedstages,43 versus 18months. Our results indicate that immunosuppression is a distinct risk factors associated with a less favorable outcome in patients with cHNSCC.