In this paper, a simulation and analysis of 132 kV Substation in feeds western Iraq have been presented including a short circuit (S.C) analysis. This work helps to properly control and coordinate the protection equipment used in this grid interconnection spot. This work includes power flow analysis carried out using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) simulator. Also, the most common types of faults are investigated for the substation buses using International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards to discover the behavioral characteristics under different scenarios for the substation transformers connection to assess the range of S.C current this substitution can ride through. Finally, the results of ANSI and IEC are theoretically investigated for validity to ensure reliability and quality assurance in the case study substation.

The traditional distribution network must be replaced by a smart grid, durable, and dependable, due to the rising demand for power by the customer. The smart grid will need a smart monitoring system based on the smart current sensor at all buildings to determine the power consumption with its costs. This paper proposed a wireless monitoring system for measuring the three-phase currents in the building by using three HW-666 current sensors with Arduino and ESP32 microcontrollers to transmit the data according to the Internet of Things (IoT) technique to the Telegram app on the mobile phone. The power consumption is determined by assuming the constant voltages and power factor at the building that is tested with this monitoring system. The results are scheduled on the personal computer (PC) by using the serial monitor of the Arduino software and also by receiving the message every 20 minutes on the telegram app furthermore, real-time data can be obtained immediately upon receiving transmitted commands from the Telegram application. In addition, this monitoring system is designed to cut off power to the building and sound an alarm if abnormal currents are detected. The proposed monitoring system is given the same results when a comparison with the ammeter with errors not exceeding 10%.

Public buildings across Iraq draw their daytime electricity from small diesel generators running at low load. A photovoltaic battery supply for a girls’ primary school in Ramadi is assessed by hourly simulation against its 20 kVA diesel set, as a stand-alone system and as a hybrid that keeps the set as back-up. Demand was reconstructed from an appliance audit and the teaching calendar; generation was simulated from nineteen years of hourly satellite irradiance, and fuel use was taken from manufacturer data for a set of the same rating. A 19.44 kWp array with 28.7 kWh of lithium iron phosphate storage serves 95.0% of the 15,049 kWh annual demand on its own in the reference year, and between 92.6% and 98.1% across 2005–2023. With the set as backup, the whole demand is served, the set runs 232 h a year, and fuel use falls by 89%. The levelised cost of electricity is 0.120 USD kWh⁻¹ for the hybrid and 0.093 USD kWh⁻¹ for the stand-alone system, against 0.167 USD kWh⁻¹ for diesel at the administered price of 0.19 USD L⁻¹. The stand-alone system remains cheaper per kilowatt-hour even with free fuel; the hybrid is cheaper above 0.054 USD L⁻¹. Greenhouse gas intensity falls from 1213 to 148 g CO₂-eq kWh⁻¹ with the hybrid, avoiding 10.4 t CO₂-eq a year. On total cost, the hybrid breaks even with the existing supply at 0.21 USD L⁻¹ and returns 23,572 USD over 25 years at product parity, so the case is marginal for the school at the pump price and strong for the state at the opportunity cost of its diesel.