The urgent demand for clean and renewable energy sources has led to the emergence of the microgrid (MG) concept. MGs are small grids connecting various micro-sources, such as diesel, photovoltaic wind, and fuel cells. They operate flexibly, connected to the grid, standalone, and in clusters. In AC MG control, a hierarchical system consists of three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It monitors and ensures MG stability, power quality, and power sharing based on the specifications of governing protocols. Various challenging transient disturbances exist, such as generator tripping, secondary control failure due to communication delay, and drastic load changes. Although several optimal power sharing methods have been invented, they pose complex control requirements and provide limited improvement. Therefore, in this paper, a novel optimized droop control is proposed using a metaheuristic multi-objective evolutionary algorithm called the Centripetal Force-Gravity Search Algorithm (CF-GSA) to improve the droop performance of power sharing, voltage and frequency stability, and power quality. CF-GSA is an improved algorithm designed to address the issue of local solutions commonly encountered in optimization algorithms. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are validated through a series of simulations. The results of these simulations show that the proposed multi-objective optimization droop control method works well to fix problems caused by power sharing errors in isolated AC microgrids that have to deal with high inductive loads and changes in line impedance.

In this paper, a simulation and analysis of 132 kV Substation in feeds western Iraq have been presented including a short circuit (S.C) analysis. This work helps to properly control and coordinate the protection equipment used in this grid interconnection spot. This work includes power flow analysis carried out using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) simulator. Also, the most common types of faults are investigated for the substation buses using International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards to discover the behavioral characteristics under different scenarios for the substation transformers connection to assess the range of S.C current this substitution can ride through. Finally, the results of ANSI and IEC are theoretically investigated for validity to ensure reliability and quality assurance in the case study substation.

Many power electronics applications require a power calculation in the control system. To get a suitable output, engineers need to control the process and regulate the power exchange with the grid. Since real and reactive power calculations are so crucial a topic, a novel control strategy for a single-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverter has been developed. Therefore, Direct power control (DPC) and a single-phase three-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) combine as a control and modulation system. In this paper, predictive real and reactive power control and SVPWM method are conferred in the inner loop. A voltage controller based on a proportionalintegral (PI) scheme is used in the outer loop to acquire constant output voltage and provide power refers to the DPC. The performance of the proposed method is verified by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

This paper identifies and analyses early degradation mechanisms observed in photovoltaic (PV) modules of power plants over 7 years of operation on the coast power grid in Mauritania. Performance degradation takes place due to several reasons such as material degradation following dust accumulation, high temperature, and humidity. Also, mismatch of electric power parameters such as increasing loads above projected values of the plant. Therefore, this paper analyses and studies the degradation in four phases. First, the visual inspection detects the degradation of materials and defects such as the presence of dust, cracks, browning (discoloration), and connection corrosion. The second phase proposes a mathematical model to calculate the early degradation rate (DR) of different components, such as short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (VOC), the maximum yield power (Pmax), and the fill factor (FF) of the PV module. The third phase is a MATLAB modeling of the measured real-time data of the operating PV system to test Power versus voltage curves (with and without degradation) to examine the presence of failure of PV modules. Finally, compare the evolution of real-time production data for three measured years (2015, 2016, and 2017) with the simulation curves of this study.

The electromagnetic radiation produced by cellular towers in Ramadi city, west of Iraq, is measured and analyzed in this research. This contains basic nodes, hub repeaters, and feeders for transmitting the carrier throughout the entire Ramadi city as well as the surrounding areas. As a result, this research focused on this area to measure and assess energy to determine if it is safe for people or has over the danger threshold. The study region was split into fifty-five mobile phone tower locations. In general, electric field intensity levels surpass 1.7 V/m, which is dangerous and should be reduced. However, apart from a few sites (2, 3, 35, 36, 45, 51, and 53), the magnetic field intensity and radiation density are acceptable based on the findings. The energy severity criteria are based on LATNEX corporation's guidelines.

Designing inverter using the traditional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique would require adding filter elements to minimize the output voltage signal distortion. A novel algorithm called Clipped Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (CSPWM) is introduced to reduce the THD and eliminate the high order harmonic frequencies. This technique proposed using an isolation transformer to further block the DC component and improve the total harmonic THD. The proposed technique is discussed. The simulation indicated some peculiar characteristics of the proposed inverter. The analysis is successfully carried out using PSIM software.