Pesticide application is an essential means of controlling plant diseases and pests in citrus orchards. In recent years, fixed spraying systems have gradually been used as alternatives to traditional sprayers and manual sprayers in some hilly citrus orchards. In this paper, influences of fixed system spraying parameters, such as droplet size and spraying height, on spraying quality were elucidated and analyzed. The performances of two nozzle types, pressure-swirl nozzles and fixed spray plate sprinklers, were assessed and compared by effective droplet coverage ratio (DCR), droplet distribution uniformity coefficient of variation (CV), and droplet penetration ratio (DPR). The results showed that appropriately increasing droplet size and spraying height could improve the DCR and distribution uniformity of pressure-swirl nozzles. The DCR and distribution uniformity of fixed spray plate sprinklers had a positive correlation with droplet size, while spraying height had no significant effect on these variables. Additionally, with the increase in droplet size, DPR initially increased and then gradually decreased. The optimized results showed that the optimal parameters for pressure-swirl nozzles were a droplet size of 240 μm and spraying height of 100 cm, while for fixed spray plate sprinklers, the results were a droplet size of 240 μm and spraying height of 50 cm. Comparison results showed that the spraying quality of fixed spray plate sprinklers was better overall, with values of DCR, CV, and DPR being 37.15%, 24.20%, and 71.67%, respectively, while the corresponding values for pressure-swirl nozzles were 39.65%, 35.41%, and 56.02%. Based on the above results and the occurrence rule of citrus pests and disease, the optimal spraying parameters of fixed spraying systems were selected to control the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Furthermore, the effect of fixed spraying systems on controlling Diaphorina citri reached the maximum at 3 days after spraying, which was 97.83%, and the effect declined at 14 days after spraying, which was 85.47%. This study provides valuable scientific references for guiding the application of fixed spraying systems in hilly citrus orchards.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing can reveal spatial variability in maize, but its value depends on whether observations support timely and reliable management. This structured critical review synthesizes UAV applications from stand establishment and canopy development to water and nutrient assessment, stress monitoring, yield prediction, and decision support. The evidence corpus comprised 82 sources, including 51 core maize–UAV studies, evaluated by growth stage, validation strength, and operational endpoint. RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, and three-dimensional methods provide complementary information for plant counting, canopy traits, treatment-related water and nitrogen responses, visible stress mapping, and within-experiment yield variation. Most evidence, however, comes from experimental or site-specific settings. Independent testing across sites, years, cultivars, and production environments remains uncommon, as do physiological confirmation of interacting stresses and translation of diagnostic maps into machinery-ready operations. UAV sensing should therefore be viewed as complementary to satellite observations and field scouting, with its advantage determined by target, scale, timing, and decision requirements. Future research should prioritize phenology-aware acquisition, independent field validation, uncertainty relative to management thresholds, interoperable prescription and machinery data, and closed-loop evaluation of input use, crop response, yield, and economic return. These steps are needed to move from high-resolution mapping toward reproducible precision management in maize.