The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different stages of dengue infection on immune cell counts among dengue patients and to compare them with cases of non-dengue febrile illness. The recruited patients were divided into two groups: the first group served as a control (n = 55), representing non-dengue febrile illness, and the second group was identified as dengue febrile illness (n = 149), which was further divided into three groups based on infection stage. Blood samples were collected from the selected patients and subjected to blood cell component analysis. To find IgG and IgM as well as the dengue virus non-structural antigen-1 (NS1), an immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit was utilized. Additionally, a hematological analyzer was used to determine complete blood cell counts (CBC). Data was thoroughly analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 6 software. The differences in means of different groups were calculated by applying the student's t-test. The findings revealed the presence of severe leucopenia and thrombocytopenia at stages 1 and 2, accompanied by lymphopenia at stage 1. Group comparisons indicated that only teenagers exhibited a significantly lower white blood cell count compared to older individuals, while no significant differences were observed in lymphocytes, platelets, and monocytes across all age groups. Comparing different age groups of normal individuals to dengue-infected patients, the results unveiled that leucopenia was most severe in adults, followed by teenagers and children, with no significant difference in the elderly. Furthermore, adults showed the greatest degree of thrombocytopenia, followed by teens and kids, with the elderly showing the greatest degree of thrombocytopenia. Adults and teens showed extreme neutrophilia, whereas young children and the elderly showed no discernible abnormalities. Elderly patients experienced a marked decrease in monocyte count, a phenomenon not observed in other age groups. In conclusion both, leucopenia & thrombocytopenia, are most severe in stages 1 and 2, whereas neutrophilia & lymphopenia are predominantly severe in stage 1. These results imply that the consequences associated with dengue infection are more severe in the early stages and tend to ameliorate as the patient progresses toward recovery.

Background: Genital prolapse is a common gynaecological problem in developing country like Bangladesh.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages of short term catheterization in comparison to long term catheterization after genital prolapse surgery. Methodology: This was a prospective analytical cross sectional study being carried out from 1st July 2005 to 30th July 2006 in the Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital. A total of 200 patients undergoing genital prolapse surgery were selected for this study. Patients were divided into two groups. In short term catheterization group the urinary catheter was withdrawal within one day after surgery and in the short term catheterization group the catheter was remained in situ for 5 days after surgery. Result: Positive urine culture was found in 16% in long term catheterization group compared with 6% in short term group (P=0.02). Mean duration of hospital stay was 6.98 days in long term catheterization group and 4.68 days in short term catheterization group (P<0.01). Residual volume was more than 200 ml and need for re-catheterization occurred in 3% in group whereas it was 10% in case group (P=0.04). Conclusion: This study permits to conclude that short term catheterization is better than long term catheterization. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2011;3 (2): 41-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v3i2.12077

Gut microbiota is closely related to the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dietary oxidized lipids have a significant impact on the gut microbiome. The chapter focuses on the effects of different diets, like keto, on gut microflora, focusing on the effect of probiotics on gut microbial diversity and metabolism. Probiotics have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve overall health. However, caution is advised regarding their clinical effectiveness, especially in specific health issues. The chapter discusses the impact of autologous probiotic foods like Lactobacillus amylovorus on body adiposity and gut microbiome in patients with chronic diseases.

Probiotics are increasingly being used to promote health around the globe. Probiotics have been proven effective in treating acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, irritable bowel syndrome, newborn sepsis, and respiratory tract infections. The use of probiotics to prevent food allergies has made significant progress in recent years. Moreover, probiotics are not only used for prevention but also to cure allergies through various immune mechanisms. The cosmetic industry has also extended the number of products called probiotics. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) defined postbiotics as the “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host.” Postbiotics are significant primarily in pediatric settings because they don't contribute to local inflammation. Both postbiotics and parabiotics promote health and guard against gastrointestinal illnesses. A new class of probiotics called immunobiotics works to improve health by altering the immune system. The objective of this chapter is to examine the latest developments in the new classes of probiotics: postbiotics, parabiotics, pharmacobiotics, and immunobiotics.

Gut microbiota has a significant role in maintaining the overall health in humans and higher animals. Balanced diet, genetic makeup, and use of antibiotics highly influence the microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract. This review article presents a detailed background on the gut microbiota, including its composition and the various factors influencing its diversity and stability. Strategies for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota are explored, along with an examination of the role of neurotransmitters in regulating gut-brain communication. Research shows that machine learning has a huge potential in elucidating the gut microbiome. Wellbeing and health is directly associated with gut microbiome.

This chapter elaborates on the relationship between genus-, species- and strain-specific and disease condition-specific effects, issues, and applications of probiotics. It discusses the significance of certain genera and strains of probiotic microbes over others, as well as their unique mechanisms of action in combating certain diseases. The chapter details the uniqueness of probiotics in the two different levels of taxonomy, focusing especially on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium as traditional examples of probiotics, while also shedding light on their shared mechanisms and traits. Explanations of the therapeutic effects of probiotics across a range of different diseases are also provided, with reference to the genus and species to which each probiotic belongs. The chapter should ultimately enable the reader to identify and predict the effect of different probiotics when applied to the treatment of different disease conditions, based on the genus and species to which it belongs, while also relating the possible issues that may arise with the use of the same.