Research has shown the role of growth factors in lung cancer angiogenesis. Angiogenesis promotes lung cancer progression by stimulating tumor growth, enhancing tumor invasion, contributing to metastasis, and modifying immune system responses within the tumor microenvironment. As a result, new treatment techniques based on the anti-angiogenic characteristics of compounds have been developed. These compounds selectively block the growth factors themselves, their receptors, or the downstream signaling pathways activated by these growth factors. The EGF and VEGF families are the primary targets in this approach, and several studies are being conducted to propose anti-angiogenic drugs that are increasingly suitable for the treatment of lung cancer, either as monotherapy or as combined therapy. The efficacy of the results are encouraging, but caution must be placed on the higher risk of toxicity, outlining the importance of personalized follow-up in the management of these patients.

Lung cancer is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body’s response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. They promote tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibit tumor growth (anti-tumour cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system to stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are the two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. This article begins by addressing the role of the TMJ and its components in lung cancer. This review also highlights the functions of various cytokines such as interleukins (IL), transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

A thorough study of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) shows that combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) shows promising results in addressing the tumor-promoting influences of abnormal immunological and molecular biomarkers in metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). These abnormal biomarkers enhance drug resistance, support tumor growth, and trigger cancer-related genes. Ongoing clinical trials are testing new treatment options that appear more effective than earlier ones. However, more research is needed to confirm their long-term safety use and potential side effects. This study highlights vital molecular and immunological biomarkers associated with drug resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Furthermore, this study identifies a number of promising drug candidates and biomarkers that serve as significant contributors to the enhancement of the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Consequently, this article offers pertinent insights on both recently completed and ongoing clinical trials, recommending further toxicity study for the prolonged use of this treatment strategy for patients with metastatic ccRCC, while equipping researchers with invaluable information for the progression of current treatment strategies.

Currently, there is no standard treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that is free of side effects and resistance. Additionally, limited information exists on how curcumin affects the gene expression profiles of patients with translocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC) and papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC). The pathways responsible for metastasis in tRCC are still not well understood, and there is no established treatment or reliable biomarker to predict outcomes for metastatic tRCC. Primary clinical data from patients were retrieved from the TCGA database and analyzed using cBioPortal, stitch, string, R and Python. Various analyses were performed, including differential gene expression, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, drug-targeted gene analysis, gene ontology (GO), enrichment analyses, and systematic searches to assess the impact of curcumin on the transcriptomic profiles of tRCC, pRCC, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). No significant impact of sensitive genes on survival in KIRC and KIRP was found, though a trend suggested they may delay disease progression. The combination of curcumin with sunitinib showed promise in overcoming drug resistance in ccRCC by inducing ferroptosis, reducing iron, and increasing ADAMTS18 expression. This study, leveraging data from the TCGA database and other databases explored the impact of curcumin on transcriptomic profiles in tRCC, pRCC, and clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Gene analysis revealed immune and metabolic differences, with KIRC showing a stronger immune response. This study is the first to propose that future research into the miR-148/ADAMTS18 genes and the ferroptosis pathway in tRCC and pRCC could lead to the development of new therapies and the identification of novel therapeutic targets, potentially overcoming drug resistance and metastasis.

Lung cancer accounts for the majority of cancer cases. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment, or TMJ, or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body's response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. It promotes tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibits tumor growth (anti-tumor cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. This article begins by addressing the role of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) and its components in lung cancer. This review also highlights the functions of various cytokines such as IL, TGF and TNF.

This research seeks to assess the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic leave and fruit extracts of Solanum incanum instreptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. 200g of each of the extracted powder of fruit and leaf of Solanum incanum will be dissolved in 1600 ml of ethanol in a glass bottlerespectively for a period of 48 hours with intermittent vigorous shaking. The solution will be filteredwith, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 60 mesh size while the filtrate will becollected and evaporated at 45°C using water bath. The dried concentrate (extract) will then be storedin a sealed transparent bottle for subsequent use. Diabetes will be induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (120 mg/kg body weight)after 18 hours fast while 5% glucose solution will be administered orally so as to prevent the druginduced hypoglycemic effect of streptozotocin. After 72 hours of streptozotocin injection, bloodsamples will be collected by tail snip method to determine the blood glucose concentrations to confirmthe development of Diabetes Mellitus. Albino rats with fasting blood glucose concentration of greaterthan 126 mg/dl will be considered hyperglycemic and will be selected for the study.The animals will be randomly divided into nine groups each containing five wistar rats while each wistar rat will be marked using black stain. The Non-Diabetic group:Group A: (NORMAL CONTROL/Non-Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered 0.5 ml normalsaline only. On the 7th and 14th days of treatment, the blood glucose levels of the wistar rats will bedetermined using accu-check glucometer, the animals will then be weighed to determine the effect ofthe plant extract on their body weights. The results obtained will then be expressed in g of body weightand mg/d1 of blood respectively. While the Diabetic groups:Group B: (NEGATIVE CONTROL/Untreated Diabetic Wistar Rats): will Serve as diabeticcontrol; receiving 0.5 ml normal saline/day/rat.Group C: (POSITIVE CONTROL/Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered Glibenclamide (10mg/kg b.wt./day) in 0.5 ml normal saline as a fine aqueous suspension orally.Group D 1: (TEST CONTROL Ia /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily low dose ofethanolic fruit extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in 0.5 ml normal saline. Group D 2: (TEST CONTROL Ib /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily high dose ofethanolic fruit extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in 0.5 ml normal saline Group E 1: (TEST CONTROL IIa /Dabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily low dose ofethanolic leaf extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueoussuspension orally in 0.5 ml normal salineGroup E 2: (TEST CONTROL IIb /Dabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a daily high dose ofethanolic leaf extract of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueoussuspension orally in 0.5 ml normal salineGroup F 1: (TEST CONTROL IIIa /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a low dose ofcombined ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in0.5 ml normal salineGroup F 2: (TEST CONTROL IIIb /Diabetic Wistar Rats): Will be administered a high dose ofcombined ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts of Solanum incanum as a fine aqueous suspension orally in0.5 ml normal salineCollection and treatment of sample:The extracts will be reconstituted in normal saline water and administered orally on daily basis. Theextract group will be treated with high and low doses of the leaf and fruit ethanolic extacts respectively,while the diabetic control and the normal control will be given 0.5 ml of saline water for a period of 14days. At the end of 14 days, the fasting blood glucose levels of all the animals will be taken, afterwhich the animals will be weighed and anaesthetized using chloroform and bled by cardiac puncture24 h after the last treatment. The blood sample will then be collected in plain bottles, allowed to clotand the serum separated by centrifugation for 10 min, which will then be collected and stored at 37℃and finally subjected to biochemical analysis.Biochemical analysis: The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, High Density Lipoproteinsand Low Density Lipoprotein will be determined by a lipid profile auto analyzer.Statistical analysis: Data will be expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparative analysesbetween and amongst variables will be done using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A post hoccomparison (LSD) test will be performed to further ascertain significant differences between means.Statistical significance will be set at P<0.05. All statistical analysis will be done using SPSS.