The Haribhanga is one of the most renowned varieties of mango native to the Rangpur region of Bangladesh. The study aimed to explore the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological potentialities of the methanolic extract of Mangifera indica (Haribhanga) (MEMI) peel. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiarthritic activities of MEMI peel were conducted by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, disc diffusion, and protein denaturation assays, respectively. The extract was administered to STZ‐induced diabetic mice for 7 days for the observation of blood glucose, body weight, lipid profile, and liver enzyme levels. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed to identify phytochemicals in the extract. Subsequently, molecular docking was conducted to predict the binding affinity of the identified compounds. The MEMI peel exhibited notable antioxidant potentiality with an IC ₅₀ value of 4.43 ± 0.68 μg/mL and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus with a zone of inhibition of 20.67 ± 1.52 mm. Furthermore, MEMI peel demonstrated substantial antiarthritic activity, with the highest inhibition of denaturation of protein (88%) observed at the highest dose (500 μg/mL). In the in vivo experiments, MEMI peel led to a significant increase in high‐density lipoprotein ( p < 0.001, p < 0.05), with a significant decrease in blood glucose ( p < 0.001), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein ( p < 0.0001) in STZ‐induced diabetic mice. Comparing the diabetic control mice, the MEMI peel substantially decreased ( p < 0.001) the high serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Moreover, the extract significantly improved the body weight ( p < 0.001) of diabetic mice after 7 days of treatment. GC‐MS analysis identified 28 bioactive compounds, primarily fatty acid esters in the MEMI peel. Di‐n‐octyl phthalate, terpinen‐4‐ol, 8,11,14‐docosatrienoic acid methyl ester, and phenol, 2‐methoxy‐4‐(2‐propenyl)‐acetate exhibited the most favorable binding potential in molecular docking studies. The results suggest that MEMI peel possesses antimicrobial, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and liver enzyme protective activities as a promising antioxidant.

Background: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming a significant global concern. To combat the spread of resistance or reverse multidrug resistance, developing novel antimicrobials and/or resistance modulators is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of the methanolic extract of Pandanus fascicularis fruits (MEPFF) in combination with azithromycin against multidrug-resistant bacteria.Methods: Phytochemical analysis along with the determination of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of MEPFF, was performed using standard procedure. The extract's DPPH free radical scavenging activity was assessed to evaluate its potential antioxidant activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MEPFF against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined, followed by an analysis of the synergistic effect with azithromycin, as well as the activity of azithromycin alone. Subsequently, the drug-likeness, antibacterial activity, and toxicological properties were analyzed using in silico tools.Results: The quantitative investigation found terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids in MEPFF. The TFC, TPC, and TAC of MEPFF were found at 183 ± 9.54 mg QE, 248.33 ± 11.06 mg GAE, and 95.33 ± 8.33 mg AAE/gm extract. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in the DPPH experiment, with an IC50 value of 12.13±0.53 µg/ml. Azithromycin and the extract together have far greater antibacterial action against all four bacterial strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 3.67 ± 1.15 to 5.83 ± 0.76 mg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is 4.33 ± 1.26 to 7.33 ± 1.04 mg/mL. In silico studies revealed that pandamarilactone-1, nonpandamarilactone-B, and thiamine had the best docking energy (−9.9, −8.9, and −8.5 kcal/mol), suggesting most active compounds against MPh-II protein.Conclusion: The extract enhances antibiotic therapy and suggests that the aforesaid synergistic drug-herb combinations may treat MDR bacterial infections.

Objective: Diarrhea is a major global health issue that has become increasingly prevalent in developing countries. In Bangladesh, Mimosa pigra L. is used traditionally for the treatment of diarrhea and also to control infection. Our main objective was to evaluate whether the methanolic extract of Mimosa pigra (MEMP) leaves has the antidiarrheal effect as well as the antibacterial effect against diarrhea-causing bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial potentialities of MEMP leaves were investigated by the disc diffusion method against six Gram-positive and six Gram-negative bacteria at 500 μg/disc. Kanamycin (30 μg/disc) was used as the standard drug. Antidiarrheal activities of leaf extracts were determined at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) in a castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal model in mice. The results were evaluated by One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet’s test. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 were considered significant compared to control. Results: The MEMP leaves exhibited moderate to potent antimicrobial activity with the zone of inhibition range 11 to 17 mm against diarrhea causing bacteria such as Salmonella paratyphi (16.33 mm), Salmonella typhi (17 mm), Shigella boydii (12 mm), Shigella dysenteriae (12.67 mm) and Escherichia coli (11 mm). Furthermore the severity of diarrhea was significantly reduced (P<0.001) by MEMP leaves at a dose of 400 mg/kg (13±2.16) compared to control (30.25±2.87) by castor oil-induced method. The same dose of the extract also significantly inhibited (P<0.01) the severity of diarrhea (14.75±1.71) compared to control (24±2.16) by magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal model. The percent inhibition of diarrhea in 3h by MEMP leaves at a dose of 400 mg/kg was 57.02% and 38.54% in castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal model, respectively. Conclusion: Confirmed findings in this study naturally suggested that MEMP leaves could be an effective antibacterial and antidiarrheal formulation.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes hepatitis B, a vaccine‐preventable liver disease. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes toward HBV and its vaccination among students of the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh. Methods: In this cross‐sectional survey, data were collected by filling out a well‐structured questionnaire. SPSS (IBM version 23), chi‐square ( χ ² ) tests, and a binary logistic regression model were used for the data analysis. Results: A binary logistic regression model showed that a significantly lower rate of vaccination status was observed among participants from the university (44.44%) than those from college (42.11%) and high school (86.3%) [OR = 1.917, 95% CI = 0.752–17.869, p = 0.001]. A higher proportion of male students (58.88%) remained unvaccinated compared to female students (43.1%) [OR = 1.435, 95% CI = 1.253–1.873, p = 0.027]. Regarding the knowledge of HBV and its vaccination, university students had better knowledge than high school students ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study clearly highlight the need to increase awareness among this group of people about HBV and its vaccination to eradicate its infection from the community.

Background and Aims: Use of non‐prescription drugs is a significant health concern for the population in Bangladesh. The ease of access to medicines, the high price of healthcare and lack of information on how to take the drugs properly promote such a practice. The purpose of the study was to single out the demographic, behavioral, and knowledge‐related variables connected with taking medicines without a doctor's prescription. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was carried out on 504 participants through online and face‐to‐face data collection. The questionnaire consisted of demographic data, behavior related to medication use, and knowledge concerning medicine regulations. The data was summarized using descriptive statistics. The Chi‐square test was used to test the relationship between variables. The use of multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analysis revealed predictors that are significant. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were provided, with p < 0.05 being the statistical significance level. Results: One in five respondents had taken over‐the‐counter medicines owing to the high cost of healthcare. Approximately one out of every four indicated that they could easily obtain medicines without a prescription in pharmacies. The majority of the participants (82.1%) felt that there should be a public education program to ensure that people do not use improper medications. The results of the MLR analysis revealed that self‐diagnosing individuals tended to overdose (OR = 2.806; 95% CI: 1.535–5.129; p = 0.001). The use of non‐prescription medications was also linked to poor knowledge regarding proper use of medicines (OR = 7.078; 95% CI: 1.448–34.601; p = 0.02). Conclusion: The use of non‐prescription medication is prominent in Bangladesh and is determined by self‐diagnosis, easy access to drugs, and also ignorance. This practice can be minimized by employing public awareness programs and enhanced regulation.