Nitrogen (N) supply plays a critical role in influencing the onset of drought thresholds, yet the effects of N on stomatal characteristics and transpiration, both diurnal and nocturnal, remain inadequately understood. To elucidate the relationship between transpiration rate and stomatal morphology, this study investigated the effects of four distinct levels of N supply (N0, N0.1, N0.2, and N0.4) on stomatal density (SD) and morphology across both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, alongside their impact on diurnal ( E _d ) and nocturnal ( E _n ) transpiration rates in potato plants. The findings indicate that SD decreases with increasing N supply on both leaf surfaces. Furthermore, stomatal apertures were consistently larger on the abaxial surface compared to the adaxial surface across all N supply treatments. While E _n remained largely unaffected by variations in N supply, E _d exhibited a non‐linear decrease as N supply increased, reaching its minimum value at the N0.2 level. This reduction in E _d , which plateaued at N0.2, is likely associated with the larger stomatal aperture on the abaxial surface at the highest N supply level (N0.4) compared to the other treatments. Overall, the results suggest that N supply primarily reduces E _d by decreasing SD, while also maintaining a larger stomatal aperture on the abaxial surface under high N conditions to optimize the balance between CO ₂ uptake and water loss. The findings can provide valuable insights into the role of N supply for sustainable crop management, particularly in optimizing water‐use efficiency.

Nowadays, the application of insect sex pheromones in pest control technology has reached a relatively advanced technological maturity stage. However, the traditional research and development of sex pheromones requires a “one pest, one strategy” approach, which has drawbacks such as being time-consuming and focused on a single control target. The insect sex pheromone synthesis pathway involves multiple molecular components that work together to promote the synthesis and release of sex pheromone from the pheromone gland. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying pheromone biosynthesis offers the potential to uncover universal strategies for pheromone development, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of pest management. This study arranged knowledge of the upstream regulatory pathways and summarized the structure and function of the molecular components involved. We also investigated the divergence of neuropeptides and their receptors that regulate pheromone biosynthesis among different insect species from an evolutionary perspective. Future research should integrate multi-omics, bioinformatics, structural biology, and artificial intelligence technologies to elucidate the synthesis and regulatory processes of insect semiochemicals, develop specific dsRNA and small molecule inhibitors, and accelerate the transformation and application of related molecular targets into highly effective and green pesticides.