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The long-term sustainability of China’s national parks depends on the appropriate use and management of park resources and the provision of positive experience opportunities for tourists. While past experience, in terms of frequency of visits to the same destination and behavioral intention measured as willingness to revisit/recommend, have been extensively examined in a typical destination loyalty model using structural equation modeling (SEM), past experience with other destinations and willingness to pay (WTP), another form of behavioral intention, have received less attention from researchers. This paper, for the first time, simultaneously examined these two types of past experience and WTP using both second-order and first-order SEMs, based on data collected from two national parks in China. Results show that, while frequency of visits had no significant impacts on attribute satisfaction (AS) nor on overall satisfaction (OS), previous experience with other destinations significantly influenced AS, which, in turn, significantly predicted OS. While OS significantly and consistently predicted visitors’ intentions to revisit/recommend for both samples, its impact on WTP was significant for one sample, but not for the other. This suggests that asymmetric beliefs in destination loyalty may exist, depending on how and where behavioral intention was measured. The study endorses norm theory in studying destination satisfaction.
Jianqiong Yuan; Jingjing Li; Jinyang Deng; Douglas Arbogast. Past Experience and Willingness to Pay: A Comparative Examination of Destination Loyalty in Two National Parks, China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8774 .
AMA StyleJianqiong Yuan, Jingjing Li, Jinyang Deng, Douglas Arbogast. Past Experience and Willingness to Pay: A Comparative Examination of Destination Loyalty in Two National Parks, China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianqiong Yuan; Jingjing Li; Jinyang Deng; Douglas Arbogast. 2021. "Past Experience and Willingness to Pay: A Comparative Examination of Destination Loyalty in Two National Parks, China." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8774.
The recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) has been widely recognized as an effective tool for the inventory and planning of outdoor recreational resources. However, its applications have been primarily focused on forest-dominated settings with few studies being conducted on all land types at a regional scale. The creation of a ROS is based on physical, social, and managerial settings, with the physical setting being measured by three criteria: remoteness, size, and evidence of humans. One challenge to extending the ROS to all land types on a large scale is the difficulty of quantifying the evidence of humans and social settings. Thus, this study, for the first time, developed an innovative approach that used night lights as a proxy for evidence of humans and points of interest (POI) for social settings to generate an automatic ROS for Hunan Province using Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The whole province was classified as primitive (2.51%), semi-primitive non-motorized (21.33%), semi-primitive motorized (38.60%), semi-developed natural (30.99%), developed natural (5.61%), and highly developed (0.96%), which was further divided into three subclasses: large-natural (0.63%), small natural (0.27%), and facilities (0.06%). In order to implement the management and utilization of natural recreational resources in Hunan Province at the county (city, district) level, the province’s 122 counties (cities, districts) were categorized into five levels based on the ROS factor dominance calculated at the county and provincial levels. These five levels include key natural recreational counties (cities, districts), general natural recreational counties (cities, districts), rural counties (cities, districts), general metropolitan counties (cities, districts), and key metropolitan counties (cities, districts), with the corresponding numbers being 8, 21, 50, 24, and 19, respectively.
Wenjing Zeng; Yongde Zhong; Dali Li; Jinyang Deng. Classification of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Using Night Lights for Evidence of Humans and POI Data for Social Setting. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7782 .
AMA StyleWenjing Zeng, Yongde Zhong, Dali Li, Jinyang Deng. Classification of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Using Night Lights for Evidence of Humans and POI Data for Social Setting. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenjing Zeng; Yongde Zhong; Dali Li; Jinyang Deng. 2021. "Classification of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Using Night Lights for Evidence of Humans and POI Data for Social Setting." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7782.
The quality and scale of urbanization development are the two main aspects in China’s current urbanization process. By measuring and analyzing the level differences in these two aspects, the healthy development of China’s urbanization and urban–rural integration will be promoted. Based on the quality of urbanization and the scale of urbanization, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for urbanization coordination level. On this basis, this paper analyzes the spatial correlation, spatial difference, and spatial pattern evolution characteristics of urbanization coordination level in 286 sample cities nationwide from 2005 to 2015. Then, by introducing the spatial econometric regression model, this paper discusses the driving mechanism of the spatial and temporal evolution of urbanization coordination level. The results show that: (1) The level of coordination between urbanization quality and urbanization scale shows a strong spatial correlation in space, which is consistent with the actual development status; (2) the level of urbanization coordination shows a trend of evolution from northeast to southwest in the evolution of spatial pattern, but the extent of change is small; and (3) the spatial and temporal pattern of urbanization coordination level is affected by different driving forces, of which internal source is the primary impact factor, followed by administrative level and investment level. In addition, the level of urbanization coordination has a positive spillover effect on the level of urbanization coordination in adjacent areas.
Yijun Shi; Quan Zhu; Lihua Xu; Zhangwei Lu; Yaqi Wu; Xiangbin Wang; Yang Fei; Jinyang Deng. Independent or Influential? Spatial-Temporal Features of Coordination Level between Urbanization Quality and Urbanization Scale in China and Its Driving Mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1587 .
AMA StyleYijun Shi, Quan Zhu, Lihua Xu, Zhangwei Lu, Yaqi Wu, Xiangbin Wang, Yang Fei, Jinyang Deng. Independent or Influential? Spatial-Temporal Features of Coordination Level between Urbanization Quality and Urbanization Scale in China and Its Driving Mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (5):1587.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYijun Shi; Quan Zhu; Lihua Xu; Zhangwei Lu; Yaqi Wu; Xiangbin Wang; Yang Fei; Jinyang Deng. 2020. "Independent or Influential? Spatial-Temporal Features of Coordination Level between Urbanization Quality and Urbanization Scale in China and Its Driving Mechanism." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1587.
Human activity recognition has been of interest in the field of urban planning. This paper established a general framework by which expected human activity intensity (HAI) measured by the built environment and factual HAI measured by the Baidu thermal chart were estimated and comparatively analyzed so as to identify abnormal human activities in Hanghzou, China. Three elements of the built environment (i.e., residential density, road connectivity, and land-use mixing degree) from multi-source data with high precision are selected to assess the expected HAI. Results indicate Hangzhou has evolved into a polycentric city with three urban clusters. In addition, a significant positive correlation exists between the two types of HAIs. However, there are areas with spatial mismatches, particularly in the “urban village” and new towns, suggesting human activities are not equally distributed all over the city. Research implications, limitations, and future research needs are discussed.
Lihua Xu; Huifeng Xu; Tianyu Wang; Wenze Yue; Jinyang Deng; Liwei Mao. Measuring Urban Spatial Activity Structures: A Comparative Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7085 .
AMA StyleLihua Xu, Huifeng Xu, Tianyu Wang, Wenze Yue, Jinyang Deng, Liwei Mao. Measuring Urban Spatial Activity Structures: A Comparative Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLihua Xu; Huifeng Xu; Tianyu Wang; Wenze Yue; Jinyang Deng; Liwei Mao. 2019. "Measuring Urban Spatial Activity Structures: A Comparative Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7085.
Forest landscape plays a critical role in the resource management and recreational planning of forest destinations. An assessment of forest landscape quality (FLQ) could reflect the distribution of landscape resources, hence identifying the hotpots and areas with high visual quality and protection values. The objective of this study is to propose, for the first time, a methodology for assessing FLQ at the national level. Based on China’s forestry inventory database, the paper identified landform patterns and vegetative patterns as determinants (including 12 indicators) to establish an evaluation index system, and further implemented and mapped FLQ using the ArcGIS Engine platform. Results show high mountain ranges and tropical areas in China often have a high-quality forest landscape, while low FLQ scores are found in low mountains and foothills. The distribution of the four FLQ levels indicates most forest areas are featured with mediocre- or low- quality landscape values, and the differences of FLQ among different forest types are obvious. Furthermore, there is a relatively low correlation between the total forest area and the area of high-quality forest landscape. Overall, this study could contribute to enriching the existing assessment system for FLQ and to guiding the planning, policy development, and decision-making for China’s forestry administration.
Jiangzhou Wu; Yongde Zhong; Jinyang Deng. Assessing and Mapping Forest Landscape Quality in China. Forests 2019, 10, 684 .
AMA StyleJiangzhou Wu, Yongde Zhong, Jinyang Deng. Assessing and Mapping Forest Landscape Quality in China. Forests. 2019; 10 (8):684.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiangzhou Wu; Yongde Zhong; Jinyang Deng. 2019. "Assessing and Mapping Forest Landscape Quality in China." Forests 10, no. 8: 684.
In recent years, cities are threatened by various natural hazards. Planning emergency shelters in advance is an effective approach to reducing the damage caused by disasters and ensuring the safety of residents. Thus, providing the optimal layout of urban emergency shelters is an important stage of disaster management and an act of humanitarian logistics. In order to study the optimal layout of emergency shelters in small mountain cities, this paper constructs multi-level location models for different grades of emergency shelters so as to minimize the travel and construction costs and maximize the coverage rate. Specifically, the actual service of emergency shelters is determined using Geographic Information System (GIS) software and Weighted Voronoi Diagram (WVD) models under the limitation of site capacity, and the space layout is adjusted through combining the actual urban land with the construction position. In this paper, the Jianchuan county seat at Yunnan Province, China, was considered as a case study to illustrate the models of emergency shelters in which the feasibility of the presented models is verified. The proposed research methods and models have provided theoretical basis and a benchmark for the optimal layout of emergency shelters in other small mountain cities.
Yijun Shi; Guofang Zhai; Lihua Xu; Quan Zhu; Jinyang Deng. Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters: A Multi-Level Location–Allocation Modeling Approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4285 .
AMA StyleYijun Shi, Guofang Zhai, Lihua Xu, Quan Zhu, Jinyang Deng. Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters: A Multi-Level Location–Allocation Modeling Approach. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYijun Shi; Guofang Zhai; Lihua Xu; Quan Zhu; Jinyang Deng. 2019. "Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters: A Multi-Level Location–Allocation Modeling Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4285.
Although much research on nature-based tourism (NBT) has been conducted in natural areas, such as national parks and other protected areas, studies on NBT in rural areas have been limited. Moreover, few NBT studies, if any, have examined the impact of seasons and/or locations on visitors’ perceptions of NBT. This comes as little surprise, given that naturalness, the fundamental core of NBT, is likely to vary with seasons and locations. To this end, this study examines NBT in a rural area in the Appalachian Region, USA, with a focus on market segmentation, based on data collected from a four-season on-site survey of 2692 visitors. Different from many other tourism market studies where multiple-item measures are used, this study uses a single-item measure on natural observation/study to identify NBT segments. Analysis of variance, Chi-square analysis, and discriminant analysis are used to confirm NBT segments and determine the effectiveness of the use of the single-item approach for segmentation. The results show that the single-item approach is effective to differentiate visitors by their socio-demographics and trip characteristics, with findings being consistent with NBT studies in natural areas. It is worth noting that people’s responses to questions on natural observation/study vary with seasons and locations, suggesting that different perceptions of natural affinity may arise from the differences in seasons and locations with different levels of natural elements. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications are discussed.
Jinyang Deng; Jian Li. Segmentation of Nature-Based Tourists in a Rural Area (2008–2009): A Single-Item Approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2052 .
AMA StyleJinyang Deng, Jian Li. Segmentation of Nature-Based Tourists in a Rural Area (2008–2009): A Single-Item Approach. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (7):2052.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinyang Deng; Jian Li. 2019. "Segmentation of Nature-Based Tourists in a Rural Area (2008–2009): A Single-Item Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 7: 2052.
Flood disasters often have serious impacts on cities. Disaster prevention and mitigation schemes for flood disasters must be based on risk assessment. We constructed an indicator system for flood disaster risk assessment from the aspects of hazard factors, sensitivity to the environment, disaster vulnerability, flood disaster prevention, and resilience. Then we add the precipitation factor as a scenario parameter to the assessment of flood disasters, in order to assess the flood disaster risk under annual average precipitation scenarios, multi-year flood season average precipitation scenarios, and large typhoon precipitation scenarios. Xiamen is one of the cities with more serious flood disasters. We select Xiamen as an example and refer to existing indicators of flood disaster assessment. The results show that: (1) the coefficient of variation of flood disasters in Xiamen under the impact of large-scale typhoon precipitation is large; (2) the drainage and flood control capacity of Xiamen is generally insufficient, and the risk in the old city is high; (3) there are many flood-prone locations in Xiamen. Underpass interchanges, underground spaces, and urban villages have become the new key areas for flood control; and (4) the flood risk in the northern mountainous areas of Xiamen is the highest. Based on the assessment results, we further delineate the urban flood control zones and propose corresponding countermeasures. The study expands the research on flood disaster risk assessment, and also provides reference for relevant cities to deal with flood disasters.
Yijun Shi; Guofang Zhai; Shutian Zhou; Yuwen Lu; Wei Chen; Jinyang Deng. How Can Cities Respond to Flood Disaster Risks under Multi-Scenario Simulation? A Case Study of Xiamen, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 618 .
AMA StyleYijun Shi, Guofang Zhai, Shutian Zhou, Yuwen Lu, Wei Chen, Jinyang Deng. How Can Cities Respond to Flood Disaster Risks under Multi-Scenario Simulation? A Case Study of Xiamen, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (4):618.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYijun Shi; Guofang Zhai; Shutian Zhou; Yuwen Lu; Wei Chen; Jinyang Deng. 2019. "How Can Cities Respond to Flood Disaster Risks under Multi-Scenario Simulation? A Case Study of Xiamen, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 618.
Motivation and past experience have been frequently examined in the literature. However, most studies have examined the two concepts separately in a destination loyalty model, and few have made analyses at three levels: univariate or multivariate analysis, structural equation model (SEM) analysis, and SEM multi-group analysis. This study examined the two concepts at the three levels in the context of a cherry blossom festival, based on data collected from 950 visitors. Results indicate that repeaters were more motivated by the blossoms and more positive in their cognitive, affective, and behavioural attitudes toward the festival than were first timers. However, first timers exhibited a stronger relationship between motivation and cognition and between cognition and loyalty than repeaters. It seemed that cognition played a central role in the loyalty model, thus, it is necessary to place priority on increasing the public’s knowledge/awareness about the festival. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications are discussed.
Jian Li; Jinyang Deng; Chad Pierskalla. Impact of attendees’ motivation and past experience on their attitudes toward the National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, D.C. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 36, 57 -67.
AMA StyleJian Li, Jinyang Deng, Chad Pierskalla. Impact of attendees’ motivation and past experience on their attitudes toward the National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, D.C. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 36 ():57-67.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Li; Jinyang Deng; Chad Pierskalla. 2018. "Impact of attendees’ motivation and past experience on their attitudes toward the National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, D.C." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 36, no. : 57-67.
Importance–performance analysis (IPA) has been widely used to examine the relationship between importance, performance, and overall satisfaction in tourism destinations. IPA implicitly assumes that attribute performance will have little impact on overall satisfaction when stated importance is low. However, this assumption is rarely tested. This study, for the first time, tested this assumption by including attributes in each IPA quadrant into a second-order structural equation model. Results indicate that attributes with lower ratings of importance in the “low priority” and “potential overkill” quadrants do not contribute to overall satisfaction, regardless of performance, while the opposite is true for attributes in the “keep up the good work” quadrant with higher ratings of importance and performance, thus confirming the validity of this assumption. This novel approach allowed us to take a fresh look at an old debate, and the results suggest stated importance may be more useful than previously thought. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications are discussed.
Jinyang Deng; Chad D. Pierskalla. Linking Importance–Performance Analysis, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: A Study of Savannah, GA. Sustainability 2018, 10, 704 .
AMA StyleJinyang Deng, Chad D. Pierskalla. Linking Importance–Performance Analysis, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: A Study of Savannah, GA. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):704.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinyang Deng; Chad D. Pierskalla. 2018. "Linking Importance–Performance Analysis, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: A Study of Savannah, GA." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 704.
Rural destination management organizations (DMOs) are faced with considerable challenges as they attempt to promote economic prosperity through tourism. This study sought to identify rural destination management challenges in Tucker County, West Virginia; identify the roles and activities of the destinations DMOs in addressing these challenges; and develop a perceived destination management framework. DMO challenges include maintaining authenticity and sense of place; economic diversification; seasonality, low wage jobs, and lack of employees; connecting resorts to small businesses and communities; and establishing a common vision, identity, and coordination of activities. While the majority of tourism literature calls for DMOs to play a dual marketing and management role, this paper makes an important contribution by identifying the need for a Convention and Visitors Bureau and a separate organization with a specific mission to sustainably develop and manage tourism and coordinate activities of the stakeholder network.
Doug Arbogast; Jinyang Deng; Kudzayi Maumbe. DMOs and Rural Tourism: A Stakeholder Analysis the Case of Tucker County, West Virginia. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1813 .
AMA StyleDoug Arbogast, Jinyang Deng, Kudzayi Maumbe. DMOs and Rural Tourism: A Stakeholder Analysis the Case of Tucker County, West Virginia. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (10):1813.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoug Arbogast; Jinyang Deng; Kudzayi Maumbe. 2017. "DMOs and Rural Tourism: A Stakeholder Analysis the Case of Tucker County, West Virginia." Sustainability 9, no. 10: 1813.
This article presents results from a mapping and analysis of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) for West Virginia using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and GeoDa. Results show visitors' travel spending is significantly related to the urban class of the ROS spectrum, although this class only accounts for 3.3% of all ROS classes. It seems that the role of the urban class in generating travel spending had become less important in 2012 compared to 2010. These findings suggest a balanced development strategy be adopted, and more efforts should be put on the conservation of rural landscapes for the promotion of authentic rural tourism in the state. Rural tourism, we argue, will be more sustainable in the long run than the gambling industry, which has been declining in recent years because of increasing competition from surrounding states.
Ishwar Dhami; Jinyang Deng. Linking the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum with Travel Spending: A Spatial Analysis in West Virginia. Leisure Sciences 2017, 40, 1 -25.
AMA StyleIshwar Dhami, Jinyang Deng. Linking the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum with Travel Spending: A Spatial Analysis in West Virginia. Leisure Sciences. 2017; 40 (6):1-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshwar Dhami; Jinyang Deng. 2017. "Linking the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum with Travel Spending: A Spatial Analysis in West Virginia." Leisure Sciences 40, no. 6: 1-25.
Evaluation and identification of nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations is not a new practice; however, evaluating the variability of various inputs in the identification of NBT destinations have only recently gained special attention. This study highlights the importance of conducting sensitivity analysis of criteria weights in mapping NBT areas in the state of West Virginia. As an extension to the study by Dhami, Deng, Burns, and Pierskalla (2014, Identifying and mapping forest-based ecotourism areas in West Virginia incorporating visitors’ preferences. Tourism Management, 42, 165–176) who examined and mapped NBT areas in West Virginia by incorporating visitors’ perceptions as criteria weights into a spatial suitability model, this study focuses on how sensitive NBT areas are to the variations of visitors’ and ecotourism experts’ perceptions of selected criteria (i.e. remoteness, slope, vegetation, wildlife, mining, and logging) using a simple one-at-a-time method. Results indicate that visitors and ecotourism experts perceived the criteria in a similar manner with the presence of vegetation and remoteness being ranked as the most important criteria for NBT areas. The results also show that about one-third of West Virginia is highly suitable and least sensitive to variations in criteria weights, and therefore suitable for a wide range of NBT tourists, irrespective of their preferences for the selected NBT criteria. Research implications and limitations are discussed.
Ishwar Dhami; Jinyang Deng; Michael Strager; Jamison Conley. Suitability-sensitivity analysis of nature-based tourism using geographic information systems and analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Ecotourism 2016, 16, 41 -68.
AMA StyleIshwar Dhami, Jinyang Deng, Michael Strager, Jamison Conley. Suitability-sensitivity analysis of nature-based tourism using geographic information systems and analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Ecotourism. 2016; 16 (1):41-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshwar Dhami; Jinyang Deng; Michael Strager; Jamison Conley. 2016. "Suitability-sensitivity analysis of nature-based tourism using geographic information systems and analytic hierarchy process." Journal of Ecotourism 16, no. 1: 41-68.
Kudzayi Maumbe; Jinyang Deng; Steve Selin. Investigating the Relationships Between Visitor and Trip Characteristics, Vacation Planning, Visitor Spending, and Destination Evaluation: The Case of Garrett County, Maryland. Tourism Analysis 2014, 19, 557 -571.
AMA StyleKudzayi Maumbe, Jinyang Deng, Steve Selin. Investigating the Relationships Between Visitor and Trip Characteristics, Vacation Planning, Visitor Spending, and Destination Evaluation: The Case of Garrett County, Maryland. Tourism Analysis. 2014; 19 (5):557-571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKudzayi Maumbe; Jinyang Deng; Steve Selin. 2014. "Investigating the Relationships Between Visitor and Trip Characteristics, Vacation Planning, Visitor Spending, and Destination Evaluation: The Case of Garrett County, Maryland." Tourism Analysis 19, no. 5: 557-571.
In this rejoinder note, we discussed panel attrition as related to Delphi applications in general and our research specifically on the development of a point evaluation system for ecotourism destinations. We argued that panel attrition could be a serious problem for studies that involve several rounds of survey that aim to achieve consensus or forecast with results of the next round being directly and primarily built upon findings of the previous round. However, it may not be problem for Decision Delphi or other types of Delphi applications with the first round for generation of ideas and the second round for ranking and scoring of measurement items as we did in our study.
Jinyang Deng; Steve Selin. Application of the Delphi method to ecotourism destination evaluations: a rejoinder to Brian Garrod. Journal of Ecotourism 2012, 11, 224 -229.
AMA StyleJinyang Deng, Steve Selin. Application of the Delphi method to ecotourism destination evaluations: a rejoinder to Brian Garrod. Journal of Ecotourism. 2012; 11 (3):224-229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinyang Deng; Steve Selin. 2012. "Application of the Delphi method to ecotourism destination evaluations: a rejoinder to Brian Garrod." Journal of Ecotourism 11, no. 3: 224-229.
With the rapid development of tourism industry in China since 1980, the country has experienced an increasing use of its natural and cultural environment for tourism, resulting in tourism resources being adversely impacted in many tourism destinations. This paper described the research progress in tourism impacts on the environment in the context of China through a review of the growing literature in this field. Specifically, research on tourism impacts on the biophysical and socio-cultural environments, tourism carrying capacity, environmental quality assessment, and measures for the protection and management of tourism resources was reviewed. The review found that the majority of research was qualitative and descriptive in nature, and there was a lack of case studies and theoretical development. Future research should focus on the evaluation of environmental impacts, particularly those gradual cumulative impacts on the tourism environment; examination of the quantitative relationship between the impact and the level of tourism use for different activities; development of methods to estimate the carrying capacity; and understanding of positive impacts of tourism.
Linsheng Zhong; Jinyang Deng; Zengwen Song; Peiyi Ding. Research on environmental impacts of tourism in China: Progress and prospect. Journal of Environmental Management 2011, 92, 2972 -2983.
AMA StyleLinsheng Zhong, Jinyang Deng, Zengwen Song, Peiyi Ding. Research on environmental impacts of tourism in China: Progress and prospect. Journal of Environmental Management. 2011; 92 (11):2972-2983.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinsheng Zhong; Jinyang Deng; Zengwen Song; Peiyi Ding. 2011. "Research on environmental impacts of tourism in China: Progress and prospect." Journal of Environmental Management 92, no. 11: 2972-2983.
Jinyang Deng; Douglas Arbogast; Steve Selin. Community-Based Tourism Planning: An Application of the APPA Approach to Ansted, West Virginia. Tourism Analysis 2011, 16, 601 -615.
AMA StyleJinyang Deng, Douglas Arbogast, Steve Selin. Community-Based Tourism Planning: An Application of the APPA Approach to Ansted, West Virginia. Tourism Analysis. 2011; 16 (5):601-615.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinyang Deng; Douglas Arbogast; Steve Selin. 2011. "Community-Based Tourism Planning: An Application of the APPA Approach to Ansted, West Virginia." Tourism Analysis 16, no. 5: 601-615.
Gordon J. Walker; Elizabeth A. Halpenny; Jinyang Deng. Leisure Statisfaction and Acculturative Stress: The Case of Chinese-Canadian Immigrants. Journal of Leisure Research 2011, 43, 226 -245.
AMA StyleGordon J. Walker, Elizabeth A. Halpenny, Jinyang Deng. Leisure Statisfaction and Acculturative Stress: The Case of Chinese-Canadian Immigrants. Journal of Leisure Research. 2011; 43 (2):226-245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGordon J. Walker; Elizabeth A. Halpenny; Jinyang Deng. 2011. "Leisure Statisfaction and Acculturative Stress: The Case of Chinese-Canadian Immigrants." Journal of Leisure Research 43, no. 2: 226-245.
Ecotourism destination criteria and indicators are not equally important. Based on this principle, an evaluation system by which ecotourism destinations can be evaluated and rated needs to be developed to reflect the relative importance of destination criteria/indicators. This case study evaluates a point evaluation system based on ecotourism destination criteria and indicators identified by ecotourism academics and ecotourism operators using a two-round Delphi survey for forest ecotourism in West Virginia. Results indicate that operators are less likely than academics to value local participation and involvement (43 points for operators vs. 84 points for academics) and socio-economic benefits to local communities (26 points for operators vs. 34 points for academics) while being more likely than academics to care about the conservation of cultural resources (107 points for operators vs. 48 points for academics). Research implications and future research needs are discussed.
Jinyang Deng; Maureen Bender; Steve Selin. Development of a point evaluation system for ecotourism destinations: a Delphi method. Journal of Ecotourism 2011, 10, 77 -85.
AMA StyleJinyang Deng, Maureen Bender, Steve Selin. Development of a point evaluation system for ecotourism destinations: a Delphi method. Journal of Ecotourism. 2011; 10 (1):77-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinyang Deng; Maureen Bender; Steve Selin. 2011. "Development of a point evaluation system for ecotourism destinations: a Delphi method." Journal of Ecotourism 10, no. 1: 77-85.
The conceptual framework of the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) has been frequently examined since it was first proposed by Butler in 1980. However, few studies have applied the concept to national parks and other protected areas. This paper examines the applicability of the model to China's Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. In addition, both external and internal factors affecting the park's tourism development as well as the environmental, social, and economic changes of the area are also discussed. Results indicate that the park has experienced the first four stages as described in Butler's 1980 seminal paper [The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24, 5–12]. Currently, the park is in the consolidation stage. Both governments and the private sector are major players as catalysts for the park's tourism development from one stage to the next. While the local or even regional economy has become increasingly dependent on tourism, the park has also been experiencing noticeable transformation and loss of traditional cultures since its inception in 1982. Finally limitations to the current paper are outlined.
Linsheng Zhong; Jinyang Deng; Baohui Xiang. Tourism development and the tourism area life-cycle model: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. Tourism Management 2008, 29, 841 -856.
AMA StyleLinsheng Zhong, Jinyang Deng, Baohui Xiang. Tourism development and the tourism area life-cycle model: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. Tourism Management. 2008; 29 (5):841-856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinsheng Zhong; Jinyang Deng; Baohui Xiang. 2008. "Tourism development and the tourism area life-cycle model: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China." Tourism Management 29, no. 5: 841-856.