Prior studies have revealed that community identity promotes participation. However, it remains unclear whether heterogenous community identity profiles emerged and how they differed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐related community participation. Thus, the current study used a person‐oriented approach to address these issues. A total of 1,083 Chinese residents participated in a national online survey in mid‐March 2020. A latent profile analysis found that residents belonged in one of four community identity profiles: Strong identifiers (43.7%), function‐dominant identifiers (25.0%), emotion‐dominant identifiers (19.8%) and weak identifiers (11.5%). The strong identifiers profile showed the most positive COVID‐19‐related community management attitude and the highest participation intention and participation behaviour among the four profiles. Compared with strong identifiers, other profiles displayed less positive management attitude and lower participation intention and, in turn, exhibited less participation behaviour. The findings can help community organizers and administrators design intervention programs targeting specific subgroups amid the COVID‐19 pandemic. Please refer to the Supplementary Materials section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.