The gut health of poultry is closely associated with feeds and feeding. The experiment was conducted to the effect of crude glycerol addition to diets of male broilers on the bacterial microflora and morphology of their small intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). A total of 120 Ross 308 broiler chicks received diets containing 0% (GLY 0), 4% (GLY 4) or 8% (GLY 8) crude glycerol for 42 days. The presence of Coliform bacteria and Enterobacteria was reduced in the duodenal tract of the broilers of GLY 4 (P<0.001); however, the presence of Staphylococci/Micrococci in the GLY 8 was reduced relative to the other groups (P<0.001). The presence of Salmonella spp. decreased in conjunction with the increasing quantities of glycerol (P<0.001). Analysis of the data regarding gut morphology (epithelial cell thickness, villi length and width, and crypt length and width) indicated that the glycerol levels fed to the different groups of broilers represented statistically different results in the small intestine. In general, whereas the diet with 4% glycerol statistically affected the investigated parameters of the gut, the diet with 8% glycerol statistically affected some segments of the broiler intestines.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms consumed by humans and animals that affect the intestinal microflora qualitatively or quantitatively or trigger the beneficial effects of the immune system. The discovery of probiotics and the beginning of studies date back to the end of the 19th century. Afterwards, these studies continue on the microorganisms used as probiotics, selection criteria and probiotic microorganisms in the animal microbiota. In today's probiotics are used as immune system modulation and protection against pathogenic microorganisms at the veterinary medicine. In recent studies against gastrointestinal system disorders in cats, dogs and poultry and on the immune system before or after treatment, probiotic applications have been found to be successful in ruminants, especially in mastitis cases. Due to important problems caused by the use of antibiotics in animal breeding, such as the increase in populations of antibiotic resistant bacteria, it seems possible to use the latest probiotic applications as an alternative to antibiotics, especially for prophylaxis. In this review, the effectiveness of probiotic microorganisms on the basis of diseases and their effects on the immune system are discussed together with current studies.

Streptococcus (S.) species are important pathogens that cause mastitis in?sheep. The study aimed to?examine Streptococcus species in?sheep milk with subclinical mastitis, assessing their prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence gene...

The fermented liquid sector is developing all over the world due to its contribution to health. Our study has contributed to the debate about whether industrially manufactured fermented liquids live up to their claims by analyzing pathogens and beneficial bacteria using a 16S rRNA sequencing technique called metagenomic analysis. Paenibacillus, Lentibacillus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Levilactobacillus, and Oenococcus were the most abundant bacterial genera observed as potential probiotics. Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter, and Collimonas, which have plant-growth-promoting traits, were also detected. The fact that we encounter biocontroller bacteria that promote plant growth demonstrates that these organisms are widely used in foods and emphasizes the necessity of evaluating them in terms of public health. Their potential applications in agriculture may pose a danger to food hygiene and human health in the long term, so our data suggest that this should be evaluated.