In this study, sustainable water-based films were produced via the solvent-casting method. Petroleum-free-based polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carbohydrate-based inulin (INL) were used as matrices. Vegetable-waste pumpkin powder was used in the study because of its sustainability and antibacterial properties. Pickering emulsions were prepared using β-cyclodextrin. The influence of the different ratios of the β-cyclodextrin/niaouli essential oil (β-CD/NEO) inclusion complex (such as 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5) on the morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA), physical (FT-IR), wettability (contact angle), and mechanical (tensile test) characteristics of PVA/inulin films were investigated. Moreover, the antibacterial activities against the Gram (−) (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram (+) (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria of the obtained films were studied. From the morphological analysis, good emulsion stability and porosity were obtained in the Pickering films with the highest oil content, while instability was observed in the Pickering films with the lowest concentration of oil content. Thermal and spectroscopic analysis indicated there was no significant difference between the Pickering emulsion films and neat films. With the addition of Pickering emulsions, the tensile stress values decreased from 7.3 ± 1.9 MPa to 3.3 ± 0.2. According to the antibacterial efficiency results, films containing pumpkin powder and Pickering emulsion films containing both pumpkin powder and a ratio of 1:1 (β-CD/NEO) did not have an antibacterial effect, while Pickering emulsion films with a ratio of (β-CD/NEO) 1:3 and 1:5 showed an antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, with a zone diameter of 12 cm and 17 cm, respectively. Among the samples, the films with ratio of (β-CD/NEO) 1:5 had the highest antioxidant capacity, as assessed by DPPH radical scavenging at 12 h intervals. Further, none of the samples showed any cytotoxic effects the according to LDH and WST-1 cytotoxicity analysis for the NIH3T3 cell line. Ultimately, it is expected that these films are completely bio-based and may be potential candidates for use in wound healing applications.

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and psyllium husk (PSH)/D-limonene electrospun meshes were produced by emulsion electrospinning for use as substrates to prevent the growth of bacteria. D-limonene and modified microcrystalline cellulose (mMCC) were preferred as antibacterial agents. SEM micrographs showed that PVA–PSH electrospun mesh with a 4% amount of D-limonene has the best average fiber distribution with 298.38 ± 62.8 nm. Moreover, the fiber morphology disrupts with the addition of 6% D-limonene. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure between matrix–antibacterial agents (mMCC and D-limonene). Although there were some partial physical interactions in the FT-IR spectrum, no chemical reactions were seen between the matrixes and the antibacterial agents. The thermal properties of the meshes were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal stability of the samples increased with the addition of mMCC. Further, the PVA–PSH–mMCC mesh had the highest value of contact angle (81° ± 4.05). The antibacterial activity of functional meshes against Gram (−) (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) was specified based on a zone inhibition test. PPMD6 meshes had the highest antibacterial results with 21 mm, 16 mm, and 15 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. While increasing the amount of D-limonene enhanced the antibacterial activity, it significantly decreased the amount of release in cases of excess D-limonene amount. Due to good fiber morphology, the highest D-limonene release value (83.1%) was observed in PPMD4 functional meshes. The developed functional meshes can be utilized as wound dressing material based on our data.

The development of antibacterial products with therapeutic properties has become a popular human health trend. Herein, for the first time, we described an effective antibacterial thermoplastic polyurethane/polycaprolacton (TPU/PCL) composite nanofibers loaded with the spirulina biomass by electrospinning method for wound care applications. The chemical, microstructural, mechanical, wettability properties and antibacterial activities of produced electrospun TPU/PCL/spirulina fibers with varied spirulina concentrations (1, 3, and 5 %, w/v to polymer solution) were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), UV‐VIS Spectroscopy, optical tensiometer and tensile testing machine. The SEM micrographs revealed that all resultant fibers have an average fiber diameter of 228–312 nm and a significant porosity (86‐90 %). FT‐IR spectrum pointed out no chemical bonding between spirulina and polymer matrixes. Increasing the spirulina content caused an increased swelling capacity of the nanofibers. Furthermore, TPU/PCL/spirulina samples indicated superhydrophilic property with contact angle values almost 36°, 0°, and 0°, respectively. The resultant TPU/PCL/spirulina fibers, released 36.89 ppm, 59.4 ppm, and 209.1 ppm of the spirulina after 8 hours, respectively and showing the effect of interactions between the TPU/PCL matrix and the spirulina on its release of the TPU/PCL matrix. Fluid absorption value have increased as incorporation of spirulina into the polymer matrix. All TPU/PCL/spirulina fibers and spirulina have antibacterial efficiency against E.coli bacteria.TPU/PCL nanofiber with the highest amount of spirulina (5 %) has the highest tensile strength with 3.89±0.19 MPa.The electrospun TPU/PCL/spirulina nanofibers appear to be a potential candidate material for tissue engineering and wound care applications, based on our results.

Streptococcus (S.) species are important pathogens that cause mastitis in?sheep. The study aimed to?examine Streptococcus species in?sheep milk with subclinical mastitis, assessing their prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence gene...