铷、铯作为关键金属矿产，在诸多高新科技领域具有举足轻重的地位而使其需求量逐年增加。柴达木盆地那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖中铷、铯含量较高，查明其物质来源和迁移富集过程，对柴达木盆地铷、铯关键金属成矿作用研究和资源增储具有重要意义。本研究以那棱格勒河流域的河水、地下水、沉积物、盐湖卤水和岩浆岩为研究对象，通过开展铷、铯元素含量分析，结合前人研究成果，探讨了那棱格勒河及其尾闾盐湖的铷、铯成矿作用。研究结果表明，湖区铷、铯元素含量表现为晶间卤水明显高于湖表卤水，且晶间卤水中铷、铯含量按照东台、西台、一里坪、涩聂湖的顺序逐渐降低。尾闾盐湖中高度富集的铷、铯与布喀达坂区域深部岩浆流体和高温水-岩反应有关，其以热泉的形式将铷、铯由深部携带至地表并通过洪水河-那河体系对湖区进行补给。补给过程中河水铷、铯的浓度受地下水输入、蒸发作用和沉积物吸附作用的共同影响，而湖区强烈的蒸发浓缩作用是盐湖卤水铷、铯发生富集的关键，沉积物对盐湖卤水长时间的吸附作用致使该区域具有形成沉积型铷、铯矿床的潜力。

Skarn Au deposits exist in the circum-pacific metallogenic belt. Interestingly, the Da’anhe Au deposit is the only independent skarn gold deposit in the Lesser Xing’an Range. To determine the metallogenic mechanism and prospecting potential of the Da’anhe deposit, we performed skarn mineralogy, fluid inclusion (FI) and H-O isotope analyses. The results show the following: (1) The Da’anhe deposit is a calcareous reduced skarn Au deposit that formed between an Early Jurassic gabbroic diorite and the Permian Tumenling Formation marble. Its metallogenic process includes five stages: the early skarn stage (Stage I₁), late skarn stage (Stage I₂), early quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II₁), late quartz-sulfide stage (Stage II₂) and quartz-carbonate stage (Stage II₃). Gold precipitated in Stage II₁ and Stage II₂. (2) The initial ore-forming fluid was derived from magmatic water and featured a high temperature and intermediate to high salinity. After boiling and mixing, the fluid eventually changed to a low-temperature and low-salinity reducing fluid dominated by meteoric water. (3) The formation depth of the Au orebodies was 2.27–3.11 km, and the orebodies were later lifted to the surface (<500 m). The potential for finding skarn Au deposits in the study area is limited. (4) The distinctive nature of the ore-related magma (i.e., source, reducing conditions and high water content) was key to the formation of the Da’anhe skarn gold deposit.

柴达木盆地北缘地处青藏高原东北部,受多期岩浆-构造活动的影响发育有众多侵入岩和关键金属矿产。B作为挥发性元素,在全球花岗岩-伟晶岩成矿系统中广泛发育,可能是促进稀有金属成矿的关键挥发组份。但是,目前有关稀有金属超常富集过程中挥发组份的起源及其控制机制仍不清楚。近期我们在柴北缘的大柴旦北部发现大量电气石花岗岩体,厘清该岩体的成因和富硼机制有助于区域岩浆热液型硼矿床和稀有金属成矿作用的整体认识。因此,我们选取了塔塔楞和居红土电气石花岗岩体为研究对象,对其开展了详尽的野外地质调研、岩石地球化学、矿物地球化学、Lu-Hf同位素地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学等工作,获得以下主要认识:(1)大柴旦湖区电气石花岗岩体属于富钾(2.09%~7.04%)、富硅(68.35%~79.42%)、过铝质(A/CNK=1.00~1.50)的高分异花岗岩,具有富集大离子亲石元素和硼、氟等流体活动性元素、亏损高场强元素的特征;(2)电气石花岗岩体形成于~438Ma,适值柴北缘洋俯冲结束、柴达木地块向南祁连地块俯冲的陆-陆碰撞环境;(3)电气石花岗岩的形成与洋-陆俯冲向陆-陆碰撞转换过程中,洋壳发生蛇纹石化使流体活动性元素富集,进而引发地壳物质重熔有关。即:柴北缘洋洋壳俯冲时发生蛇纹岩化,该过程使硼、氟等流体活动性元素在其中富集,然后继续俯冲造成蛇纹岩脱水,脱水过程促进富硼流体进入地幔楔并造成地壳物质的重熔。富矿的重熔岩浆在上升过程中受到了少量地幔物质的混染,在后续的演化过程经历了钾长石、斜长石、磷灰石、褐帘石和独居石等矿物的分离结晶作用,最终在地壳浅部成岩。

The Jiapigou mining district (>180 t Au) is an important gold district in China. For a long time, the ore genesis of the gold deposits in the Jiapigou district has been a subject of controversy and differing opinions, which has severely hindered metallogenic theories and mineral exploration. Here we present a comprehensive investigation including geology, fluid inclusions (FIs), and H–O–S isotopic data for the Naizhigou deposit in the Jiapigou district to elucidate the sources of orefluids and metals, as well as the metallogenic mechanism. The results show the following: (1) The Naizhigou deposit is characterized by quartz vein-type ores and is hosted in the Middle Jurassic granitic pluton. Native gold and sulfides were mainly deposited in the second stage (quartz–polymetallic sulfides) compared with the first (quartz–pyrite–molybdenite) and third (quartz–calcite) stages. (2) The FI studies indicated that the orefluids evolved from the early–main-stage CO₂–H₂O–NaCl system to the late-stage H₂O–NaCl system and have homogenization temperatures of 289–363, 210–282, and 124–276 °C and salinities of 4.1–20.9, 5.8–16.4, and 6.1–12.7 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Fluid boiling and fluid mixing collectively controlled the precipitation of gold and ore-forming elements. (3) The δD values of the FIs hosted in quartz from the three stags range from −81 to −75 ‰, from −99 to −86 ‰, and from −110 to −101 ‰, while δ¹⁸O_water values of these FIs range from 5.3 to 5.9 ‰, from 1.1 to 5.2 ‰, and from −2.1 to −0.7 ‰, respectively. Pyrite samples from the three stages in the Naizhigou deposit have δ³⁴S values of 2.1 to 2.5 ‰, 3.1 to 4.3 ‰, and 3.8 to 3.9 ‰, respectively. The stable isotopes indicate that the orefluids and metals mainly originated from magma. A comparative study of regional observations reveals that the Naizhigou deposit is a magmatic-related mesothermal gold deposit, rather than a metamorphism-related orogenic gold deposit. The estimated ore-forming depths are 4.0–20.7 km, with exhumation depths of 4.1–5.5 km, which indicated that the deposit has been well preserved. Regionally, the new exploration strategies should place greater emphasis on work concerning ore-related plutons, ore-controlling faults, and hydrothermal alteration.

The Jiapigou mining district, a world-famous gold-producing district with a capacity that greatly exceeds 180 t Au, has a mining history longer than 200 years. The large amount of Jurassic Au mineralization in this district significantly differs from that in other districts of the North China Craton (130–115 Ma). However, the deep-seated dynamic processes and mechanisms that triggered the unique Jurassic mineralization in the Jiapigou district are poorly understood. Here, we present new data on the geology, petrography, and zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes of the typical Huangnihe pluton in the Jiapigou district to address the above issues. The results revealed the following: (1) The Huangnihe pluton comprises mainly fine-grained granite and porphyritic granite, which were emplaced at 187 ± 2 Ma (n = 13) and 166 ± 2 Ma (n = 15), respectively. (2) The Hf isotope data indicate that the two episodes of granites exhibit distinct origins: the former (εHf(t) = −1.4 to +5.3; T_DM2 = 1784–1181 Ma) originated from juvenile lower crust, whereas the latter (εHf(t) = −14.9 to −9.7; T_DM2 = 2987–2518 Ma) was derived from Archean crust. (3) On the basis of published geochemical data, the estimated crustal thicknesses of the Jiapigou district ca. 187 Ma, ca. 175 Ma, and ca. 166 Ma ranged from 45 to 52 km, 43 km, and 58 to 63 km, respectively. Combined with regional observations, the results of this study further reveal the following: (1) The Jurassic magmatism in the Jiapigou district can be subdivided into three episodes: 187–186 Ma, ca. 175 Ma, and 166–165 Ma. (2) The crust in the Jiapigou district gradually thickened during the Jurassic and underwent partial melting during multiple episodes of Paleo-Pacific Plate subduction, thereby generating arc-like calc-alkaline (ca. 187 Ma), adakite-like (ca. 175 Ma), and adakite magmas (ca. 166 Ma) that were emplaced to form corresponding granitoids. Moreover, syn-ore magma mixing between the ca. 175 Ma adakite-like felsic magma and mantle-derived mafic magmas was considered a crucial process in magma evolution. This process in turn promoted the enrichment of ore-forming elements within the magma system, which significantly contributed to the formation of the large Au mineralization in the Jiapigou district.