Reactive Arthritis (ReA), a rare seronegative inflammatory arthritis, lacks exquisite classification under rheumatic autoimmunity. ReA is solely established using differential clinical diagnosis of the patient cohorts, where pathogenic triggers linked to enteric and urogenital microorganisms e.g.Salmonella,Shigella,Yersinia,Campylobacter,Chlamydiahave been reported. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), an idiopathic enteric disorder co-evolved and attuned to present gut microbiome dysbiosis, can be correlated to the genesis of enteropathic arthropathies like ReA. Gut microbes symbolically modulate immune system homeostasis and are elementary for varied disease patterns in autoimmune disorders. The gut-microbiota axis structured on the core host-microbe interactions execute an imperative role in discerning the etiopathogenesis of ReA and IBD. This study predicts the molecular signatures for ReA with co-evolved IBD through the enveloped host-microbe interactions and microbe-microbe ‘interspecies communication’, using synonymous gene expression data for selective microbes. We have utilized a combinatorial approach that have concomitant in-silico work-pipeline and experimental validation to corroborate the findings. In-silico analysis involving text mining, metabolic network reconstruction, simulation, filtering, host-microbe interaction, docking and molecular mimicry studies results in robust drug target/s and biomarker/s for co-evolved IBD and ReA. Cross validation of the target/s or biomarker/s was done by targeted gene expression analysis following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Studies were performed to substantiate the host-microbe disease network consisting of protein-marker-symptom/disease-pathway-drug associations resulting in possible identification of vital drug targets, biomarkers, pathways and inhibitors for IBD and ReA.Our study identified Na⁽⁺⁾/H⁽⁺⁾anti-porter (NHAA) and Kynureninase (KYNU) to be robust early and essential host-microbe interacting targets for IBD co-evolved ReA. Other vital host-microbe interacting genes, proteins, pathways and drugs include Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Catalase (CAT), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE), carbon metabolism (folate biosynthesis) and methotrexate. These can serve as potential prognostic/theranostic biomarkers and signatures that can be extrapolated to stratify ReA and related autoimmunity patient cohorts for further pilot studies.

Biocompatible nanogels are highly in demand and have the potential to be used in various applications, e.g., for the encapsulation of sensitive biomacromolecules. In the present study, we have developed water-in-oil microemulsions of sodium alginate sol/hexane/Span 20 as a template for controlled synthesis of alginate nanogels, cross-linked with 3d transition metal cations (Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Co²⁺). The results suggest that the stable template of 110 nm dimensions can be obtained by microemulsion technique using Span 20 at concentrations of 10mM and above, showing a zeta potential of −57.3 mV. A comparison of the effects of the cross-links on the morphology, surface charge, protein (urease enzyme) encapsulation properties, and stability of the resulting nanogels were studied. Alginate nanogels, cross-linked with Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, or Co²⁺ did not show any gradation in the hydrodynamic diameter. The shape of alginate nanogels, cross-linked with Mn²⁺ or Co²⁺, were spherical; whereas, nanogels cross-linked with Fe³⁺ (Fe–alginate) were non-spherical and rice-shaped. The zeta potential, enzyme loading efficiency, and enzyme activity of Fe–alginate was the highest among all the nanogels studied. It was found that the morphology of particles influenced the percent immobilization, loading capacity, and loading efficiency of encapsulated enzymes. These particles are promising candidates for biosensing and efficient drug delivery due to their relatively high loading capacity, biocompatibility, easy fabrication, and easy handling.

Agroecosystems and phyllosphere microbiomes can be the potential indicators of differential segregation expected for organic and pesticide-sprayed fields. The pesticide interaction with the niche phyllosphere microbiota would serve to convey the characteristic role of the phyllosphere in biomass changes, degradation profiling, and approximation of the synthetic residues contributing towards further complexation with soil microbiome. We present the effects of differential spraying of Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin pesticides on the phyllosphere of Okra and Eggplant compared with control plants. Highly sensitive and discrete analysis using GC-MS and microbial enrichment followed by 16s RNA identification were conducted to report the overall biochemical and molecular quantifications on the selected plants. GC-MS studies indicate the rate at which pesticides dissipate from plants over time. In our study, dissipation was followed for 10 and 16 days, where chlorpyrifos disappeared by 95% after 16 days in okra plants, while it disappeared by 92% after 10 days in eggplants. Similarly, after 16 days, cypermethrin vanished completely from okra and it had reduced by 89% after 10 days from eggplant. The prolonged periods of pesticide dissipation indicating danger to both humans and animals led researchers to investigate the role of bacteria from polluted surfaces in accelerating the breakdown of pesticides as these are difficult to break down naturally. Scientific studies evidently configure that in contrast to plants not exposed to pesticides, bacterial proliferation on plants exposed to pesticides is enhanced. Our study design implies pesticide – microbe dynamics with survival strategies employing pesticides for their growth on plant phyllosphere.