Background: Although there is solid epidemiological evidence supporting the connection between hypertension and gout, little has been said about the relationship between diastolic and systolic blood pressure and gout, the causal relationship and direction associated are uncertain, so we aim to research the causal relationship between diastolic and systolic blood pressure and gout.Methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causal effect between 2 blood pressure phenotypes (including diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure) and 5 gout phenotypes (including gout, drug-induced gout, idiopathic gout, unspecified gout, and strictly defined gout) using genome-wide association study statistics. The inverse variance weighting method was used to generate the main results, while sensitivity analyses using MR-Egger, weighted median, Cochran’s Q test, Egger intercept test, and leave-one-out analysis, were performed to assess the stability and reliability of the results.Results: After the screening, we found a causal relationship between diastolic blood pressure and gout, idiopathic gout, unspecified gout, and strictly defined gout, and a causal relationship between systolic blood pressure and gout, idiopathic gout, unspecified gout, and strictly defined gout.Conclusion: From a genetic predisposition, controlling blood pressure may reduce the risk of gout.

Gout arthritis (GA) is a common inflammatory joint disease that is difficult to cure. Moxibustion, as an important alternative therapy, is widely used. However, the criteria for selecting acupuncture point prescriptions and combinations are unclear. Thus, the study aimed to explore the most effective acupoints and combinations in the treatment of GA through data mining techniques. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, and China Biomedicine databases were used to screen clinical studies and observations of the efficacy of moxibustion in the treatment of GA. Data on the acupoint prescriptions applied in these studies were collected, and association rule mining analysis and cluster analysis were conducted to summarize the characteristics and patterns of acupoint selection for the treatment of GA with moxibustion. Sixty-four trials involving 116 groups of prescriptions and 99 acupoints were identified. Zusanli (ST36), Yinlingquan (SP9), Yanglingquan (GB34), Sanyinjiao (SP6), and Xuehai (SP10) were the most commonly used acupoints for GA. The spleen meridian of the foot-taiyin and the stomach meridian of foot-Yangming were the most commonly used meridians. Additionally, most acupoint sites are concentrated in the extremities. Network analysis reveals Gongsun (SP4), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Zusanli (ST36), Yinlingquan (SP9), and Ashi as potentially effective and commonly used acupoints. In the acupoint interconnection network, Ashi and Sanyinjiao (SP6) were potential combinations of acupoints that should be chosen first in GA treatment. Clustering analysis revealed the treatment principle of "invigorating spleen and removing dampness, and relaxing muscles and activating collaterals." Through data mining analysis of published studies, this study provides valuable information for selecting the most effective acupoints and combinations for clinical moxibustion in the treatment of GA.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is an effectiv

Background: From a positive psychology perspective, this study aimed to identify the latent profiles of spiritual well-being and analyze the serial mediation mechanism of family care and spiritual coping in the relationship between spiritual well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The findings are intended to inform strategies for improving the spiritual well-being of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed with 220 MHD patients recruited from two tertiary hospitals in Guangdong, China (August 2023–January 2024). Assessments were conducted using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-SP-12), Family Care Index, Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (SCQ), and Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify heterogeneous subgroups based on spiritual well-being. A chain mediation model was then used to examine the mediating effects of family care and spiritual coping. Results: HRQoL scores averaged 56.50 ± 22.29. Significant correlations emerged: spiritual well-being ( r = 0.557, p < 0.001), family care ( r = 0.426, p < 0.001), and positive spiritual coping ( r = 0.565, p < 0.001) positively predicted HRQoL, whereas negative coping correlated inversely ( r = −0.343, p < 0.001). LPA identified four distinct profiles: Low spiritual well-being (36.8%), Moderate spiritual well-being (20.0%), Peaceful Mindset with Low Spiritual Belief (13.6%), and High spiritual well-being (29.5%). The mediation analysis revealed that family care and spiritual coping partially mediated the relationship between spiritual well-being and HRQoL (effect sizes: 0.074–0.175, 95% CI excluding 0). The chain mediation pathway “spiritual well-being → family care → spiritual coping → HRQoL” was statistically significant, with total indirect effects of 0.268 and 0.114 (95% CIs excluding 0). Conclusion: Spiritual well-being indirectly influences the quality of life in MHD patients through the serial mediation of family care and spiritual coping. Clinicians should recognize the heterogeneity in spiritual well-being and integrate routine spiritual screening into nursing assessments to identify patients with low spiritual well-being. It is recommended to develop family-based education and support programs, along with interventions that combine family care and spiritual coping strategies, so as to improve patients’ long-term health outcomes.