Plant response to salt stress and the mechanism of salt tolerance have received major focus by plant biology researchers. Biotic stresses cause extensive losses in agricultural production globally, but abiotic stress causes significant increase in the methylglyoxal (MG) level of GlyoxalaseI (Gly I). Identification of salt-tolerant genes when characterizing their phenotypes will help to identify novel genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the DNA coding region for glyoxalase I. This method is specific, requiring only genomic DNA and two pairs of PCR primers, and involving two successive PCR reactions. This method was used rapidly and easily identified glyoxalase I sequences as salt-tolerant genes from Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider). In the present study, the glyoxalase I gene was isolated, amplified by PCR using gene-specific primers and sequenced from the jojoba plant, then compared with other glyoxalase I sequences in other plants and glyoxalase I genes like in Brassica napus, ID: KT720495.1; Brassica juncea ID: Y13239.1, Arachis hypogaea; ID: DQ989209.2; and Arabidopsis thaliana L, ID: AAL84986. The structural gene of glyoxalase I, when sequenced and analyzed, revealed that the uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) of jojoba Gly I (Jojo-Gly I) spans 775 bp, corresponding to 185 amino acid residues, and shares 45.2% amino acid sequence identity to jojoba (Jojo-Gly I). The cloned ORF, in a multicopy constitutive expression plasmid, complemented the Jojo-Gly I, confirming that the encoded Jojo-Gly I in jojoba showed some homology with other known glyoxalase I sequences of plants.

Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis L.) is a dioecious perennial evergreen shrub native to the south-western desert of North America and has now been introduced to Middles East. Currently, there is low production of jojoba globally, mainly due to the high male-to-female ratio in the plantations since they are mainly established from seed. Hence, a proper population stand in terms of the male: female ratio is almost impossible to maintain in the field, leading to reduced production. We report a breakthrough in the methodology for determining the sex of jojoba plants. Our research revealed that the jojoba genome contains the sequence of SRY gene, which encodes a protein similar to that found in the human Sex-Determining Region (SRY) gene. This region was amplified and matched with sequences found in papaya and human. The jojoba-SRY regions (SRY gene) was amplified, and we closely matched with sequences of SRY in the papaya and human. The complete sequence of the DNA was deposited in GenBank (BankIt MK991776,3 60pb). Our newly developed method is rapid and straightforward, representing a breakthrough for sex determination strategies of jojoba plants to identify sex at early developmental stages. The uniqueness of this approach is that it targets specific sequences in SRY, a region extensively studied in human genetics but also apparently recognizable in plants. This useful molecular diagnostic tool is vital in agronomical breeding programs for sex determination in long-lived jojoba crops.

Potato is one of the major food crops and considered the fourth most important food crops worldwide. The insect and fungal infections are the significant constraints for potato production in the Arab countries, causing yield losses reaching more than 20%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a single copy of Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Protein Cry1Ca (cry1Ca) gene from extracted DNA to screen for the presence or absence of this gene. Potato fruits slices were agroinjected with plasmid pRI201-AN-GUS DNA for transient assay of β-glucuronidase gene (GUS). The transformation was performed using the disarmed A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring a binary vector pRI201-AN-GUS- Cry1Ca. Genetically modified potato plants were selected on Kanamycin-containing Murashige and Skoog medium (MS-media) and subcultured later to MS-media supplemented with 1.0 mg L -1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA (and 1.5 mg L -1 ∞-Naphthaleneacetic acid )NAA(. A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carried out the plant binary vector pRI201-AN-GUS, and pRI201-AN-GUS- Cry1Ca were used for transient expression assay. The Synthetic Cry1Ca (cry1Ca) gene, under the control of a CaMV 35S and the caste, also contained β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Agroinjection is an efficient transient uidA expression assay for reporter gene and analysis of candidate genes in plants. The successful transformation of Cry1Ca gene potato plants will contribute to increasing yield and food security in the future. Finally we describe her a protocol for the genetic transformation of potato based on agroinjection using A. tumefaciens carrying a plasmid (pRI201-AN-GUS- Cry1Ca) expressing a reporter uidA gene in addition to describing transient expression evidence based on histological and molecular assays.

This study was conducted to develop an in vitro method for the short-term conservation of the planting materials of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). The conservation of the genetic resources of date palm species and germplasm represented by the cryopreservation of biological material, such as shoot tips of date palm dropped in LN (Liquid Nitrogen) at low temperatures, is a safe method. The main objective of this study was the collection and in vitro germplasm preservation of the date palm cultivars, and this study evaluated the in vitro preservation and genetic stability of date palm shoot tip explants using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the medium for long-term storage. Shoot tip explants of about 2-3 cm in length were excised from in vitro cultures and were transferred to preservation media. The results showed that the highest rates of survival (80%) and recovery (75%) were observed with 1.2 M sucrose. To determine the effect of vitrification on freezing tolerances, cultures were exposed to a solution that dissolved the glaze for 60-80 minutes. The maximum survival rate obtained with exposed cultures was 85%. RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) was used to explain the differences in the genetic characteristics of cryogenic tissue cultures and non-cryogenic tissues of date palm. Both were similar to the germinated date palm in the open field. Finally, the cryopreserved plants were able to adapt to free-living conditions after acclimatization, All aspects will contribute to the improvement of the currently available techniques for the in vitro germplasm conservation of date palms.