BACKGROUND: Encapsulation technology has been extensively employed in recent years to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of probiotics. Nevertheless, existing studies have primarily concentrated on product efficacy, with inadequate scrutiny concerning potential effects on living organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various encapsulated probiotic strains on inflammatory responses in healthy mice, alongside their in vitro viability. Nissle (EcN) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were microencapsulated for the study.RESULTS: The differences in serum levels of Total Oxidant Status, Total Antioxidant Status, and C‐reactive protein among the groups were statistically significant (LGG, P = 0.039, P = 0.024, and P < 0.001; EcN, P = 0.019, P = 0.012, and P = 0.037, respectively). The highest levels were found in the control group, while the lowest levels were observed in the microencapsulated group. There were no significant differences in tissue tumor necrosis factor or interleukin‐6 levels for either LGG or EcN.CONCLUSION: Probiotics reduced inflammation‐related parameters in serum of healthy mice. Microencapsulation preserved viability in vitro, but in vivo no significant differences were observed in anti‐inflammatory parameters or body weight between microencapsulated and free probiotics. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Amaç: Ankara’da bir devlet kurumunda planlanan bir yıllık menünün, sera gazı emisyon ve su ayakizi değerlerinin hesaplanması, mevsimlere göre menülerdeki farklılıkların değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, Eylül 2017–Ağustos 2018 tarihleri arasında sunulan dört kap set seçimsiz menülerin sera gazı emisyon ve su ayak izi değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Sera gazı emisyon ve su ayakizi değerleri, sistematik derleme sonucu elde edilen veriler LCA yaklaşımı (Life-cycle assessment; Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi) kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada, bir yıl boyunca verilen menünün enerji içeriği günlük ortalama 1015.0±37.20 kkal, protein içeriği ortalama 34.4±1.30 g, karbonhidrat içeriği ortalama 91.2±4.95 g ve yağ içeriği ortalama 56.3±2.41 g olarak belirlenmiştir. Bir yıllık verilen menüde 184 farklı yemek çeşidine yer verilmiştir. Yaz aylarında balık yemeklerine hiç yer verilmemiştir. İlkbahar mevsiminde toplam sera gazı emisyonu (227.5 CO2 eşdeğeri/kg) en yüksek iken, kış aylarında (178.9 CO2 eşdeğeri/kg) ise en düşüktür. Su ayak izi düzeylerine bakıldığında da benzer şekilde, ilkbahar mevsiminde (167662.6 m3/ton) en yüksek, kış mevsiminde ise en düşük (146732.8 m3/ton) bulunmuştur. Sera gazı emisyonuna ve su ayakizine en fazla katkıyı küçük parça et yemekleri sağlamıştır. Sonuç: Hayvansal kaynaklı besinlerin menüde fazla yer alması, su ayakizi ve sera gazı emisyon düzeylerinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Menülerin planlanırken; mevsiminde ve yerel besinlerin verildiği, bitkisel ve hayvansal kaynaklı besinler açısından dengeli ve bireylerin gereksinimlerini karşılayacak özelliklerinin göz önünde bulundurulması gerekmektedir.

This study aims to assess the health literacy (HL) and electronic health literacy (e-HL) levels of the caregivers of students with special education needs (SEN) and to compare these levels with the caregivers of students who continue typically developing (TD) education. The research was conducted on students with SEN and TD and their caregivers. HL and e-HL levels of the caregivers and sociodemographic characteristics were collected by face-to-face questionnaire. The HL and e-HL levels of caregivers were assessed with the Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32 and e-Health Literacy Scale, respectively. A total of 138 students and their caregivers, 71 of whom were in SEN and 67 in TD education, participated in the study. The literacy levels and economic status of the caregivers of students with SEN were lower compared to the caregivers of TD students. The HL and e-HL levels of the caregivers of students with SEN were significantly lower than the caregivers of TD students (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, it was found that sociodemographic characteristics had a 30% impact on HL (Model 1). For e-HL, the effect of health-related data from the internet was found to be 3.7%. Caregivers of students with SEN demonstrated significantly lower HL and e-HL compared to caregivers of TD students. Developing targeted interventions and policies to enhance HL among caregivers of students with SEN is essential, along with a multidisciplinary approach to address this issue.

Background: Low food and nutrition literacy is a significant factor in obesity prevalence, adversely impacting economic and individual health outcomes, with limited research impeding effective public health interventions. Objectives: This study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific research conducted over the past three decades on food and nutrition literacy in relation to obesity. The objective is to evaluate the thematic focus of studies in this domain. Methods: A bibliometric analysis methodology, known as a quantitative technique, was employed to investigate scientific studies published in the Web of Science database between 1995 and 2023. The analysis, conducted using the Bibliometrix library in R StudioIDE, considers key variables such as publication year, authorship, countries of origin, high-impact journals, citations, collaborations, and keywords. Results: The research encompasses 755 articles, revealing a notable surge in publications post-2007. Remarkably, studies predominantly concentrate on the food and nutrition literacy of children and adolescents. The most cited author is Velardo, whose 2015 article focuses on defining nutritional literacy. The total number of publications from the 10 countries with the most productive authors in this field is 590, accounting for 78.15% of the dataset. The integration of digital media tools among this demographic has sparked innovative research trends. Conclusions: Analysis of the data underscores a shortage of research in the literature, emphasizing the need for future studies to prioritize investigating the connection between food and nutrition literacy and obesity in children and adolescents. Bridging this knowledge gap is imperative for developing effective strategies to address and mitigate the obesity epidemic in these specific age groups.