Distinctive characteristics of articular cartilage such as avascularity and low chondrocyte conversion rate present numerous challenges for orthopedists. Tissue engineering is a novel approach that ameliorates the regeneration process by exploiting the potential of cells, biodegradable materials, and growth factors. However, problems exist with the use of tissue‐engineered construct, the most important of which is scaffold‐cartilage integration. Recently, many attempts have been made to address this challenge via manipulation of cellular, material, and biomolecular composition of engineered tissue. Hence, in this review, we highlight strategies that facilitate cartilage‐scaffold integration. Recent advances in where efficient integration between a scaffold and native cartilage could be achieved are emphasized, in addition to the positive aspects and remaining problems that will drive future research.

BACKGROUND: Single embryo transfer is globally recommended during IVF treatments. Hence, there is a growing demand for better embryo selection. Additionally, to morphology and genetics, nutrient uptake/release and metabolome profiles in spent embryo culture media (SECM) are proposed as non-invasive biomarkers. Are they ready to be applied for clinical purposes? OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: We reviewed methods of metabolism analysis for embryos, focusing on human SECM. SEARCH METHODS: Until November 2024, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Google Scholar were surfed for peer-reviewed English-language studies in the human, with MeSH terms and keywords: ART, IVF, ICSI, aneuploidy, embryo transfer, embryo selection, culture media, metabolome, metabolomics, metabolic profile, artificial intelligence (AI), nutrients, carbohydrates, glucose, pyruvate, lactate, amino acids (AAs), fatty acids (FAs), and spent embryo culture medium (SECM). Also, the reference lists of all relevant articles were searched. OUTCOMES: Forty-nine original publications (1989–2024) were found in which SECM samples were collected from 20 countries, focusing on preimplantation embryo metabolism single biomarker(s) of energy sources (glucose and pyruvate), AAs and free FAs (17 studies), or metabolomic analysis (32 studies). Focal points were blastocyst development, aneuploidy, embryo sex prediction, implantation, and pregnancy outcome. Eleven major companies, which supply embryo culture media, dominate the market. Nutrient composition of their culture media presents major challenges because they are not normally disclosed. In single-biomarker(s) studies, eight studies focus on glucose and pyruvate, eight on AAs, both alone and in combination with glucose or pyruvate, and their ratios. Since the absolute quantities of some AAs or glucose levels were reported in some studies, they all have the potential to become future biomarkers for clinical application. In metabolomics studies, almost all studies reported qualitative results, such as decrease/increase or the metabolite ratios. For absolute concentrations, the basal concentrations of the culture media must be considered. In sum, all differences in the experimental design, the platforms, and the results were analyzed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: Establishing a unified guideline for the reporting of metabolomics studies and a specific guideline outlining the minimum information required for SECM experiment publication will ensure that future studies provide all necessary and critical information. The metabolomics studies primarily focused on implantation and pregnancy, whereas we, as a first step, preferred multi-omics studies on absolute concentrations of metabolites of good vs poor quality and euploid vs aneuploid embryos. Following this step, these quantitative approaches might lead to more convincing successes. If small numbers of predictive biomarkers were identified, a simple, rapid, and cheap test could be developed for each medium, clinically performed in the fertility center. Furthermore, further research on basal media ingredients is needed, combined with targeted metabolomics. The future could be an integration of all—primarily non-invasive—information, omics, and other, by AI. REGISTRATION NUMBER: The review protocol is registered on the OSF platform: https://osf.io/mxtbg

Introduction: In late December 2019, a sudden severe respiratory illness of unknown origin was reported in China. In early January 2020, the cause of COVID-19 infection was announced a new coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Examination of the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence revealed a close resemblance to the previously reported SARS-CoV and coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). However, initial testing of drugs used against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has been ineffective in controlling SARS-CoV-2. One of the key strategies to fight the virus is to look at how the immune system works against the virus, which has led to a better understanding of the disease and the development of new therapies and vaccine designs. Methods: This review discussed the innate and acquired immune system responses and how immune cells function against the virus to shed light on the human body's defense strategies. Results: Although immune responses have been revealed critical to eradicating infections caused by coronaviruses, dysregulated immune responses can lead to immune pathologies thoroughly investigated. Also, the benefit of mesenchymal stem cells, NK cells, Treg cells, specific T cells, and platelet lysates have been submitted as promising solutions to prevent the effects of infection in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: It has been concluded that none of the above has undoubtedly been approved for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19, but clinical trials are underway better to understand the efficacy and safety of these cellular therapies.

Objectives: Non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, which is considered as the most lethal and prevalent cancer worldwide. Recently, molecular changes have been implicated to play a significant role in the cancer progression. Despite of numerous studies, the molecular mechanism of NSCLC pathogenesis in each sub-stage remains unclear. Studying these molecular alterations gives us a chance to design successful therapeutic plans which is aimed in this research. Materials and Methods: In this bioinformatics study, we compared the expression profile of 7 minor stages of NSCLC adenocarcinoma, including GSE41271, GSE42127, and GSE75037, to clarify the relation of molecular alterations and tumorigenesis. At first, 99 common differentially expressed genes (DEG) were obtained. Then, functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were performed to uncover the association of significant cellular and molecular changes. Finally, gene expression profile interactive analysis (GEPIA) was employed to validate the results by RNA-seq expression data. Results: Primary analysis showed that BMP4 was downregulated through the tumor progression to the stage IB and GPX2 was upregulated in the course of final tumor development to the stage IV and distant metastasis. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that BMP4 in the TGF-ss signaling pathway and GPX2 in the glutathione metabolism pathway may be the key genes for NSCLC adenocarcinoma progression. GEPIA analysis revealed a correlation between BMP4 downregulation and GPX2 upregulation and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression and lower survival chances in LUAD patients which confirm microarray data. Conclusion: Taken together, we suggested GPX2 as an oncogene by inhibiting apoptosis, promoting EMT and increasing glucose uptake in the final stages and BMP4 as a tumor suppressor via inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle in the early stages through lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) development to make them candidate genes to further cancer therapy investigations.

Nowadays, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths, and identifying the effective factors in causing this disease can play an important role in its prevention and treatment. Tumors provide effective agents for invasion and metastasis to other organs by establishing appropriate communication between cancer cells and the microenvironment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be mentioned as one of the effective phenomena in tumor invasion and metastasis. Several factors are involved in inducing this phenomenon in the tumor microenvironment, which helps the tumor survive and migrate to other places. It can be effective to identify these factors in the use of appropriate treatment strategies and greater patient survival. This study investigated the molecular differences between tumor border cells and tumor core cells or internal tumor cells in HCC for specific EMT genes. Expression of NOTCH1, ID1, and LST1 genes showed a significant increase at the HCC tumor border. Targeting these genes can be considered as a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent distant metastasis in HCC patients.