Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is considered an emerging disease and a viral pandemic for tomato consumers. The objectives of this research were to analyze the biological and physicochemical characteristics of ToBRFV in tomato and tobacco plants, as well as to evaluate its natural host range. Inoculant seeds were recovered from ToBRFV-infected tomato samples in Coahuila, Mexico, and confirmed by RT-PCR. In the first greenhouse experiment, tomato plants of the F1 hybrid variety 172–300 (Yüksel), infected with ToBRFV, were used to evaluate viral inclusions (VI), dilution endpoint (DEP), the incubation period (IP), and latency period (LP). In a greenhouse experiment, Nicotiana longiflora plants were inoculated with ToBRFV to determine the in vitro longevity (IVL) and thermal inactivation (TI) of the virus in sap. Finally, the inoculation of tomato plants grown in open fields was carried out to evaluate transmission to natural hosts. The plants tested for possible ToBRFV reservoirs near the inoculum source were inspected and confirmed by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The results indicate that the VIs on tomato leaves manifested as X-bodies and rounded, stacked plaques within epidermal cells. The DEP required to induce the infection in plants was from a ToBRFV concentration of 1 × 10^−5.5, the IP of ToBRFV occurred 9 to 12 days post-inoculation, and LP could be detected one day after inoculation. The TI of ToBRFV in N. longiflora plants occurred at 85 °C for 30 min. Ipomoea purpurea, Mirabilis jalapa, Clematis drummondii, and Solanum tuberosum were newly identified hosts of ToBRFV. The results found contribute to a better understanding of the impact of ToBRFV, managing and preventing the spread of ToBRFV in diverse environments.

El Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) ha sido descubierto recientemente como una amenaza emergente ya que representa un considerable riesgo económico en la producción de tomate. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar al ToBRFV de tres variedades de tomate ubicadas en Coahuila, México. Con el propósito de evaluar la patogenicidad de ToBRFV en plantas de tomate y establecer una escala diagramática que permita una visualización precisa de la severidad de los síntomas en folíolos y frutos. El aislado FQ3 tuvo un impacto significativo en las variables agronómicas de las plantas de tomate, a través de una disminución del 53.9 % en la altura de la planta y del 38.9 % en el peso seco de la parte aérea de la planta. En cuanto a las variables de calidad, se observó una reducción del 43.1 % en el diámetro ecuatorial del fruto y del 43.2 % en el rendimiento de los frutos. La aplicación de una escala diagramática permitió una cuantificación más precisa de la severidad causada por los diversos aislados de ToBRFV. Se identificó que el aislado FQ3 generó una incidencia que osciló entre el 33.9 al 50 % y una severidad entre el 41 al 87.5 % más en comparación con los otros aislados. Estos descubrimientos demuestran la importancia de comprender y gestionar la variabilidad en la respuesta de las plantas de tomate a diferentes aislados de ToBRFV, lo cual puede tener consecuencias importantes para la producción de tomates afectados por esta enfermedad.

Phytotoxicity caused by secondary metabolites of botanical extracts is a drawback in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of methanolic extracts of Crotalaria longirostrata and Argemone mexicana on the germination and physiological variables of tomato seedlings. The results indicated that high doses of both extracts (Clong500 and Amex500) inhibited tomato seed germination, while their mixture (Cl50 + Am50) promoted germination by 100%. At 30 days after transplanting (dat), the plant height increased by 15.4% with a high dose of C. longirostrata (Clong500) compared to the control. At 30 dat, the vigor index displayed a notable increase with Cl50 + Am50, reaching 29.5%. The root length increased with the mean dose of A. mexicana (Amex95) at 10, 20, and 30 dat (59.7%, 15.1%, and 22.4%, respectively). The chlorophyll content increased with Amex95 by 66.1% in 10 dat, 22.6% at 20 dat, and 19.6% at 30 dat. On the other hand, Amex95 had a higher nitrogen content throughout the trial. Amex95 produced the greatest increase in root dry weight by 731.5% and 209.4% at 10 and 20 dat. The foliage dry weight increased by 85.7% at 10 dat with Amex95 and up to 209.7% with Amex50 at 30 dat. The present investigation reveals the ability of the extracts to stimulate tomato growth at low and medium doses, though at high doses they exhibit allelopathic effects.

Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) es una plaga responsable de enormes pérdidas de granos de maíz en postcosecha, estimadas en un 60 % durante los primeros seis meses de almacenamiento. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la resistencia de cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo de México, frente al daño causado por S. zeamais. Se apreció que las poblaciones de los colores ‘VAN‑Azul’ y ‘VAN‑Variegado’ son duras, en comparación con el híbrido blanco ‘AN‑456’ y ‘VAN‑Roja’ que fueron medianamente duras. En la libre elección (antixenosis), ‘VAN‑Azul’ y ‘VAN‑Morada’ ejercen repelencia sobre adultos de S. zeamais. La población ‘VAN‑Azul’ perdió menos peso ante el ataque de S. zeamais; sin embargo, ‘VAN‑Roja’ y el híbrido blanco ‘AN‑456’ fueron muy susceptibles. El efecto de antibiosis se manifestó a los 45 días posteriores a la infestación (dpi) en el híbrido blanco y ‘VAN‑Azul’, con la tasa de daño más baja (38 %). La mortalidad de adultos fue del 100 % en ‘VAN‑Morada’ a los 60 dpi. Se encontró correlación positiva entre los parámetros de antixenosis y pérdida de peso. Las poblaciones ‘VAN‑Morado’ y ‘VAN‑Azul’ presentaron las mejores características de resistencia ante el daño de S. zeamais, lo cual sugiere que son potencialmente útiles como opción de mejoramiento para el desarrollo de variedades mejoradas con características de resistencia ante el ataque S. zeamais.

The visual method is used to evaluate the effectiveness of ACCase inhibitor herbicides on Avena fatua . Digital technologies can also be used to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides and detect damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Given limited laboratory research on these methods, this study investigated the correlation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content in relation to pinoxaden phytotoxicity in two A. fatua populations. A completely randomized 2 × 4 factorial design included two populations and four pinoxaden concentrations. Measurements included percentage of control (%C), weed control index (WCI), dry matter (DM) production, NDVI vegetation indices, and SPAD units. A repeated-measures analysis with a factorial time arrangement was conducted, and least-squares means were compared using Tukey’s test. The percentage of control and vegetation indices were correlated using Pearson’s correlation. The relationship between the percentage of control and vegetation indices was determined using Pearson’s correlation. In contrast to the wheat population, the alfalfa population showed increases in %C and weed control index. In contrast, the alfalfa population exhibited lower dry matter, NDVI, and SPAD values, suggesting that pinoxaden is more phytotoxic to alfalfa. The NDVI, SPAD, and control percentages were negatively correlated in both A. fatua populations, suggesting that the vegetation indices decline as the control percentage increases. It is possible to estimate the toxicity of the herbicide pinoxaden in laboratory settings using instruments that quantify chlorophyll content and NDVI.

The style of a beer is determined by the combination of malts and hops, and the type of yeast used. The incorporation of date fruits into the fermentation process with non-conventional yeasts such as Lachancea spp. results in effective fermentation, influencing the kinetic parameters of yeast growth and prompting different physicochemical properties in the resulting beverage. The brewing process for a sour beer with Lachancea spp. yeast was optimized using a central composite rotational design and response surface methodology, and the growth kinetics were calculated. The optimal conditions required 500 g of dates, incorporated 59.46 h after starting the fermentation process. The results revealed a total phenolic content of 254.81 mg GAE/g, and the amount of titratable acidity was 2.66%. Under favorable operating conditions, the growth kinetic parameters of Lachancea spp. yeast revealed a rate of 0.78 μ.h⁻¹ and a growth constant of 3.29 k (g/h). The addition of dates 60 h into fermentation with Lachancea spp. allows for technical control of acidity and efficient fermentation kinetics for the creation of sour craft beers.