Aroma, an important quality characteristic of plant fruits, is produced by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly terpenes, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, and other secondary metabolites, in plant cells. There are significant differences in the VOC profile of various fruits. The main pathways involved in the synthesis of VOCs are the terpenoid, phenylalanine, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, which involve several key enzyme-encoding genes, transcription factors (TFs), and epigenetic factors. This paper reviews the main synthetic pathways of the main volatile components in fruit, summarizes studies on the regulation of aroma formation by key genes and TFs, summarizes the factors affecting the fruit aroma formation, describes relevant studies on the improvement of fruit flavor quality, and finally proposes potential challenges and prospects for future research directions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further precise control of fruit aroma quality and variety improvement.

The goal of this study was to build an understanding of the quality of Idesia polycarpa fruit Maxim from different ecotypes and to identify the best cultivars, with a view to providing a reference and theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of I. polycarpa. In this study, we systematically evaluated the fruit quality characteristics of five seed sources, namely SH, SG1, GG, HX, and SG2, at four developmental stages, M1-M4, through a principal component analysis, a correlation analysis, and a significance test. Comparisons between the ecotype yielded that GG was significantly better than the other ecotype in oil content (28.7%) and fresh weight per cluster (155.56 g), while HX exhibited higher SOD content (278.18 U/g) and soluble protein content (27.50 mg·g⁻¹), suggesting a higher level of stress tolerance. The results of the correlation analysis showed that POD was significantly negatively correlated with oil content (r = −0.633) and SOD (r = −0.617) activities, indicating that the antioxidant enzyme system may affect oil accumulation. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution of the first four principal components reached 89.72%, of which principal component 1 mainly reflected yield-related traits, and principal component 2 was significantly correlated with oil content and soluble protein. Through the evaluation and screening of the five ecotypes, we determined that GG can be utilized as a good single plant in the selection and improvement of new cultivars; our findings can provide theoretical support for the selection of good cultivars of I. polycarpa seed in the central region of Henan.

In this study, the separation conditions of UHPLC-QTOF-MS and the extraction conditions of QuEChERS were optimized. The analytical process for determining Broflanilide residues in different soil types was successfully established and applied to its adsorption, desorption, and leaching in soil. Broflanilide was extracted from soil with acetonitrile and purified using PSA and MgSO₄. The modified UHPLC-QTOF-MS method was used for quantification. The average recovery of Broflanilide was between 87.7% and 94.38%, with the RSD lower than 7.6%. In the analysis of adsorption, desorption, and leaching quantities in four soil types, the RSD was less than 9.2%, showing good stability of the method, which can be applied to determine the residue of Broflanilide in different soils.

Coastal saline–alkaline land has considerable potential for soil carbon sequestration, but how different land-use types affect microbial resource limitation and carbon-use efficiency (CUE) in coastal saline–alkaline soils remains unclear. Four representative land-use types, namely bare land (BL), wetland (WL), grassland (GL), and forest land (FL), were investigated in the coastal saline–alkaline soils of the Yellow River Delta. Soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities were measured, and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, microbial resource limitation, and CUE were subsequently calculated. Compared with BL, vegetated land-use types decreased electrical conductivity by 52.1–95.8%, while soil water content, soil nutrient indicators, and microbial biomass indicators increased by 47.1–77.5%, 2.6–136.8%, and 2.2–274.4%, respectively. WL was mainly phosphorus-limited, whereas BL, GL, and FL were primarily nitrogen-limited. Despite relatively high soil organic carbon and nutrient availability, GL showed the strongest N limitation and was the only land-use type showing C limitation. Model-estimated CUE ranged from 0.544 to 0.579 and followed the order FL > BL > WL > GL. Random forest analysis showed that soil physicochemical properties contributed most to CUE variation (42.9%). Structural equation modeling further indicated that soil physicochemical properties were indirectly associated with CUE, mainly through stoichiometric characteristics and microbial resource limitation, showing positive and negative associations, respectively. These findings provide microbial evidence for optimizing land-use patterns, vegetation restoration, and carbon-oriented ecological restoration in coastal saline–alkaline land.