The wide-field imaging system carried on a high-altitude or near-space vehicle takes high-resolution images of the ground to measure and map targets. With the improvement of imaging resolution and measurement accuracy, the focal length of the wide-field imaging system is getting longer. The requirement for image motion compensation (IMC) accuracy is getting higher, and the influence of optical path coupling is increasing within the process of two-dimensional (2D) IMC. To further improve the IMC accuracy of the wide-field imaging system, an innovative IMC method is first proposed in this paper. The method is based on the 2D motion of the scanning platform and secondary mirror. Secondly, to solve the optical coupling problem in the process of 2D IMC, the coupling phenomenon is analyzed. The coupling relationships between 2D scanning motion, 2D secondary mirror motion and image motion is derived from the compensation process. A complete 2D IMC model is established, and a 2D IMC method, including an optical path decoupling correct regulator (ODCR), is designed. Finally, the method is verified in laboratory and field flight tests. The results show that the proposed method can effectively correct the coupling error of the optical path in the process of IMC and achieve high-resolution 2D IMC. When the scanning speed is 60°/s and the exposure time is 2 ms, the accuracy of the 2D IMC is up to 0.57pixels (RMS) in the pitch direction, and 0.46 pixels (RMS) in the roll direction.

The use of airborne-mapping technology plays a key role in the acquisition of large-scale basic geographic data information, especially in various important civil/military-mapping missions. However, most airborne-mapping cameras are limited by parameters, such as the flight altitude, working-environment temperature, and so on. To solve this problem, in this paper, we designed a panchromatic wide-spectrum optical system with a focusing function. Based on the catadioptric optical structure, the optical system approached a telecentric optical structure. Sharp images at different object distances could be acquired by micro-moving the focusing lens. At the same time, an optical passive compensation method was adopted to realize an athermalization design in the range of −40–60 °C. According to the design parameters of the optical system, we analyzed the influence of system focusing on mapping accuracy during the focusing process of the airborne-mapping camera. In the laboratory, the camera calibration and imaging experiments were performed at different focusing positions. The results show that the experimental data are consistent with the analysis results. Due to the limited experiment conditions, only a single flight experiment was performed. The results show that the airborne-mapping camera can achieve 1:5000 scale-imaging accuracy. Flight experiments for different flight altitudes are being planned, and the relevant experimental data will be released in the future. In conclusion, the airborne-mapping camera is expected to be applied in various high-precision scale-mapping fields.

As the imaging distance and focal length of photoelectric systems increase, the requirements for line-of–sight stabilization of optical inertial stabilized platforms (ISPs) become higher. Disturbance rejection directly determines the stability accuracy of optical inertial stabilized platforms. However, the accurate observation and suppression of wide-band and rapidly changing disturbances remains a challenge in current engineering applications. This paper proposes a robust extended sliding mode observer (ESMO) method to improve disturbance estimation performance. First, the linear extended state observer (LESO) is designed by taking the total disturbances as extended states. Then, a sliding mode observer (SMO) is incorporated in the extended states of the extended observer, forming a robust ESMO. Subsequently, the robustness and convergence characteristics of the proposed method are mathematically proved, revealing that it operates robustly without knowing the disturbance’s upper bound and offers faster dynamics and higher accuracy than the LESO. Finally, a series of simulation experimental tests are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method observes wide-band and rapidly changing disturbances utilizing the rapidly switching characteristic of the SMO and smooths the jitter of the SMO by cascading sliding mode estimation to the differentiation term of extended observation, achieving the integral effect of the reaching law. Meanwhile, this method only requires adjusting two parameters, making it suitable for engineering applications. It can be effectively used in optical inertial stabilized platform control systems for disturbance estimation and compensation.

A hardware design of multi-channel video acquisition system is designed, we propose system based on FPGA Cyclone V chip, The A/D conversion of analog video signal is accomplished through high-speed parallel AD chip LTC2202 of LINEAR Company. In the process of image data acquisition, SDRAM is used for data caching in image processing. From capacity and reading and writing speed analysis, 2 pieces of MICRON Company's 32 bit wide MT48LC2M32B2B5 are selected, and the capacity is 64Mb, The Cameralink interface is selected as the interface between FPGA and image data transmission of external system. There is reserved communication with external control signals, sending control signals by TI Company DS90LV047. The system collects the image data from the front end through the A/D, caches the SDRAM and outputs the image through Cameralink to achieve the high speed and high efficiency of the data transmission. The hardware realizes the data acquisition and transmission of the multi-channel target image.

The fast steering mirror (FSM) is indispensable in applications requiring ultra-precise pointing accuracy; however, its intrinsic third-order underdamped dynamics with nonlinear hysteresis pose significant challenges in achieving high-performance control. To overcome these limitations, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL)-driven dual-loop adaptive control framework. First, to resolve the inherent trade-off problem between response speed and stability, a tracking differentiator is introduced to estimate velocity signal for feedback augmentation; then, the inner velocity loop utilizes proportional-derivative control to counteract first-order oscillatory pole, and the outer position loop employs proportional–integral control to form a type I system for tracking control; this approach elevates system bandwidth from 270 to 315 Hz, reduces settling time to 2.31 ms, and eliminates step-response overshoot. Further addressing nonlinear hysteresis effects, the adaptive control algorithms are developed based on particle swarm optimization and RL, and the system bandwidths are increased to 363 and 391 Hz. Comparative analyses under step and sinusoidal commands confirm the superior adaptability of RL in mitigating hysteresis-induced uncertainties. Finally, a high-dynamic FSM prototype is implemented, with experimental results validating the control framework’s efficacy. The methodology offers a generalized solution and with potential applications extending to advanced optical instrumentation and robotics.