Salinity stress, an ever-present challenge in agriculture and environmental sciences, poses a formidable hurdle for plant growth and productivity in saline-prone regions worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of trehalose and mannitol induce salt resistance in wheat seedlings. Wheat grains of the commercial variety Sakha 94 were divided into three groups : a group that was pre-soaked in 10 mM trehalose, another group was soaked in 10 mM mannitol, and the last was soaked in distilled water for 1 hour, then the pre soaked grains cultivated in sandy soil, each treatment was divided into two groups, one of which was irrigated with 150 mM NaCl and the other was irrigated with tap water. The results showed that phenols content in wheat seedlings increased and flavonoids reduced due to salt stress. Trehalose and mannitol cause slight increase in total phenols content while total flavonoids were elevated highy in salt-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, Trehalose or mannitol reduced salt-induced lipid peroxidation. Salt stress increases antioxidant enzyme activities of guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) in wheat seedlings, while polyphenol oxidase (PPO) unchanged. Trehalose and mannitol treatments caused an increase in APX, and CAT activities, whereas G-POX not altered but PPO activity were decreased under salt stress conditions. Molecular docking confirmed the interaction of Trehalose or mannitol with peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase enzymes. Phenyl alanine ammonia layase (PAL) activity was increased in salt-stressed seedlings. We can conclude that pre-soaking of wheat grains in 10 mM trehalose or mannitol improves salinity stress tolerance by enhancing antioxidant defense enzyme and/or phenol biosynthesis, with docking identifying interactions with G-POX, CAT, APX, and PPO.

Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt, has traditionally been attributed to external stimuli, learning, and experience. However, emerging research highlights the gut microbiota as a key modulator of neuroplasticity through the gut-brain axis. This review examines the mechanisms by which intestinal microorganisms influence brain function, including microbial metabolite production, immune system modulation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hormonal regulation. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), and cognitive impairments, emphasizing the microbiome's role in psychiatric and neurological health. Animal and human studies suggest that microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, may enhance neuroplasticity and mitigate mental health disorders. Future research should focus on understanding direct microbial-neuronal interactions and developing personalized microbiome-based therapies. This study underscores the gut microbiota's potential as a novel target for improving brain plasticity and mental health outcomes.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains one of the most serious global threats to public health, driven by the rapid emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens that compromise existing antibiotic therapies. In response, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined priority lists of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, innovation, and drug development efforts. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in WHO-priority pathogens, including reduced membrane permeability, efflux pump overexpression, enzymatic drug inactivation, target modification, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer. Beyond mechanistic insights, we critically evaluate the therapeutic limitations of conventional antibiotics, the failure of traditional discovery pipelines, and the growing clinical and economic burden of resistant infections. Emerging strategies, including artificial intelligence-assisted drug discovery, phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR-based systems, resistance-modifying combinations, and natural product-derived compounds and plant compounds, are assessed with emphasis on pharmacological feasibility, translational challenges, and clinical relevance. Particular attention is given to issues of delivery, toxicity, dosing optimization, resistance emergence, regulatory barriers, and real-world implementation. Finally, we highlight the central role of antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance, and a One Health framework integrating human, animal, and environmental sectors in mitigating resistance and sustaining therapeutic effectiveness. Collectively, this review underscores that addressing WHO-priority pathogens will require integrated, multidisciplinary strategies that bridge molecular biology, pharmacology, clinical translation, and public health.

Antibiotic resistance is a critical threat to modern medicine, necessitating new strategies against multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDR). This narrative review evaluates the published evidence on Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and its principal phytochemicals, with particular focus on activity against MDR pathogens. We describe the chemical profile, notably eugenol, quercetin, kaempferol, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene, and summarize reported in vitro activity and substantial biofilm inhibition (up to about 90%) against clinically relevant MDR bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mechanistically, clove phytochemicals act through a hierarchical cascade in which membrane perturbation is the primary initiating event. Lipophilic constituents (notably eugenol) partition into and disorder the phospholipid bilayer, causing rapid loss of membrane potential, K⁺/ATP efflux and collapse of the proton-motile force (PMF). This primary membrane failure then enables secondary intracellular consequences, impaired electron transport and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA-cycle) enzyme activity, increased electron leakage with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, macromolecular damage (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA strand injury), and functional inhibition of energy-dependent efflux, which together produce bactericidal outcomes and potentiate synergy with conventional antibiotics. Importantly, phytochemicals from clove frequently act synergistically with conventional antibiotics, lowering antibiotic MICs by approximately 4–128-fold and enhancing agents including colistin, imipenem, and amikacin. We evaluate formulation approaches (nano-emulsions, liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles) aimed at improving delivery and bioavailability, and we review limited preclinical and early clinical observations that suggest benefits in settings such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and MRSA wound healing. Critical translational gaps remain. Robust in vivo efficacy data, standardized pharmacokinetic and toxicology characterization, stability studies, and rigorous clinical trials are urgently needed. We conclude by proposing a focused research roadmap to validate and responsibly translate clove-derived candidates as adjuncts to existing antibiotic regimens.

This manuscript reviews the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their incorporation into polymeric nanofiber composites. It discusses various synthesis methods, emphasizing eco-friendly biological approaches over chemical and physical ones due to their cost-effectiveness and reduced toxicity. The review emphasizes the enhanced antimicrobial properties of AgNPs and their composites, particularly in electrospun nanofibers, for diverse biomedical, environmental, and industrial applications. It also covers the characterization, properties, and mechanisms of AgNPs, along with the advantages of combining them with polymers such as PVA and PEO, as well as cyclodextrin, to create novel functional nanocomposites.

The increasing demand for natural and sustainable food preservatives has driven growing interest in plant-derived bioactives as alternatives to synthetic additives such as nitrites and sulfites. Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts, especially from rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), oregano ( Origanum vulgare ), Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ) and clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ), exhibit strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that inhibit lipid oxidation, control spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, and extend meat shelf life during refrigerated storage. This review critically examines the mechanisms of key phytochemicals (phenolics, terpenoids, and flavonoids) and recent technological advances enhancing their performance. Emerging strategies such as nanoemulsions, electrospun nanofibers, biopolymer coatings, and smart packaging enable controlled release and improved stability of bioactives while reducing sensory impact. Green extraction methods, including supercritical CO₂ and ultrasound-assisted techniques, further contribute to the recovery of heat-sensitive compounds with reduced environmental footprint. Despite these advances, several barriers, such as compositional variability, production cost, and regulatory uncertainty, continue to limit large-scale implementation. Addressing these challenges will require integrated research combining toxicological validation, life-cycle assessment, and synergistic formulation with non-thermal preservation methods. By linking breakthroughs in nanotechnology and green chemistry with industrial scalability, this review reframes plant-based meat preservation as a multifunctional, intelligent, and sustainable system, offering a roadmap for developing safe, efficient, and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional preservatives in the global meat industry.