This paper considers the effect of oxygen and hydrogen plasma on SnO2 films synthesized from solutions of tin tetrachloride containing NH4F and NH4OH additives. It was found that the treatment of samples with oxygen plasma for 5 min led to a decrease in transparency by 1.11 and 1.17 times. On the transmission spectra, a decrease in the transmittance at a wavelength of 450 nm to 38.1% (1.24 times) in samples obtained from solutions with the addition of NH4F and up to 29.9% (1.53 times) in samples obtained from solutions with the addition of NH4OH is observed. The formation of tin oxide (II) under the influence of the reducing properties of hydrogen plasma is assumed. At the same time, the formation of metal tin from tin dioxide is not observed here. Due to the decreasing of transmission coefficient in the long-wave region of the spectrum. There is an increase in surface resistance after treatment with oxygen plasma, due to filling oxygen vacancies. Treatment of hydrogen plasma films leads to a decrease in surface resistance. Perhaps due to the increase in oxygen vacancies under the influence of hydrogen plasma. Within five minutes, the oxygen and hydrogen plasma had a more active effect on the films obtained from the solution with the addition of ammonium hydroxide, which is associated with a higher porosity of the sample. Consequently, irrespective of the time of plasma exposure with increasing the surface of contact between ionized gases and the film material, the interaction efficiency will increase.

In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to use an ultrathin calorimeter for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. The problems of determining the primary energy with a thin calorimeter, due to large fluctuations in shower development, the low statistics of analyzed events and the large size required for the calorimeter, are considered in detail. A solution to these problems is proposed on the basis of a lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. For energy reconstruction, so-called correlation curves are used. The main analyzed quantities are the size of the cascade and the rate of its development. The method was tested using the calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. Based on simulations, it is shown that the primary energy can be determined on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This fact solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with an increase in primary energy and with the limitation of the analyzed events. The proposed technique is universal for different energies and different nuclei.

Tin dioxide thin films were obtained by centrifuging. Annealing of samples was carried out in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 400 °C for 15 min, 3, 6 and 12 h. The surface resistance of the films was measured by four-force method. The sensitivity to ethanol vapour was determined by experimental setup that allows measurements in the range from room temperature to 300 °C. There is a change in the acidity of the solution with the addition of ammonium fluoride. To take into consideration this change in acidity, three batches of solutions were prepared: one example without additives, another one ‒ with the addition of ammonium fluoride and the last one ‒ with the addition of ammonium hydroxide. Films synthesized from a film-forming solution containing NH4F have less resistance than films obtained from solutions that do not contain ammonium fluoride. This confirms the presence of fluorine ions in the films as additional sources of free charge carriers. It is found that the pH-indicator of the film-forming solution does not affect the surface resistance of the synthesized SnO2 films. Annealing of fluoride doped films leads to an increase in surface resistance by two orders of magnitude, which is associated with the removal of fluorine from the films and the formation of a large number of defects. Further annealing leads to a decrease in surface resistance, which seems to be associated with a decrease in defects. It is shown that the change in the hydrogen index of the film-forming solution leads to the formation of films with a thermally stable sensitivity to ethanol vapour.

The initial state, about which there is usually very little direct experimental information, leads to significant fluctuations in the distribution of secondary particles and fragments. In this paper, to estimate the initial state the fragmentation parameters of interacting nuclei are analyzed. To investigate the correlations, the Hurst method is used. A detailed study of event-by-event pseudo-rapidity correlations in terms of the Hurst index, multiplicity of secondary particles and target dependence has been carried out for heavy (AgBr) and light (HCNO) targets present in the nuclear emulsion (NIKFI BR-2) using Au-197 projectiles at 10.6 A GeV. Evidences of short-range particle correlations and cluster formation in the pseudo-rapidity space are found from our analysis. The total ensemble of events has been divided into four classes depending on the behavior of Hurst index: uncorrelated, with short-range correlations, with long-range correlations and mixed. Events of various types differ significantly in the multiplicity of secondary particles, fragmentation of the projectile nucleus, and have significant differences in the pseudo-rapidity distribution of secondary particles.

Results of the BM@N experiment at the Nuclotron/NICA complex on the production of protons, deuterons and tritons in interactions of an argon beam of 3.2 A GeV with fixed targets of C, Al, Cu, Sn and Pb are presented. Transverse mass spectra, rapidity distributions and multiplicities of protons, deuterons and tritons are measured. The results are treated within a coalescence approach and compared with predictions of theoretical models and with other measurements.

This article presents the results of the formation of hierarchical micro–nano structures in nanostructured tin dioxide films obtained from the lyophilic film-forming system SnCl₄/EtOH/NH₄OH. The classification of the shape and size of the synthesized structures, in relation to the pH of the solution, is presented. Measurements were carried out on an X-ray diffractometer to study the crystal structure of the samples analyzed. It was found that SnO₂ and NH₄Cl crystallites participate in the formation of the synthesized hierarchical structures. It is shown that the mechanism of the formation of hierarchical structures depends on the amount of ammonium hydroxide added. This makes it possible to control the shape and size of the synthesized structures by changing the ratio of precursors.