Swimming, an Olympic sport with diverse distances and energy systems, requires early specialization for elite success. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a fundamental method used by swimmers to enhance performance, offering both aerobic and anaerobic benefits. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week HIIT program with varying volumes on adolescent swimmers’ performance parameters. A total of 50 participants were divided into three groups High Intensity Low Volume (HILV), Moderate Intensity Moderate Volume (MIMV), Low Intensity High Volume (LIHV), and their training sessions consisted of 10 sets with 60 s rest intervals between repetitions and 3 min rest intervals between sets. The intensity was determined based on a pre-test 100 m times. The results indicate significant improvements in anthropometric measurements, including weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percentage, within each group, with no significant differences between groups. Swimming performance for various distances (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m) showed significant temporal improvements in all groups, with stroke parameters such as stroke rate and length also exhibiting significant improvements (p < 0.05). Resting heart rate and swimming performance at 100 m and 200 m differed significantly between groups, highlighting the impact of training volume on specific outcomes. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive impact of interval training on the swimming time (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m), stroke rate (SR), strokes per length (SPL), stroke length (SL), Borg scale (BS) for various distances, emphasizing the need for tailored training programs to maximize their development and potential.

Basketbol, küresel olarak en yaygın sporlardan birisidir ve bununla birlikte dünyada iki organizasyon ön plana çıkmaktadır: Amerikan Ulusal Basketbol Ligi (NBA) ve Avrupa Ligi (EuroLeague). Takım sporlarında performans analizi, antrenman ve müsabaka sürecine ilişkin verilere erişim kolaylığı ile son on yılda giderek hızlanmıştır. Basketbolun değişen oyun yapısı ve bazı parametrelerin basketbolun oyun stiline etkileri konusunda çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Sayı, ortalama atış denemesi ve ortalama isabetli atış, ortalama üç sayılık atış denemesi ve ortalama isabetli üç sayı, asist, ribaunt, blok, top çalma, top kaybı parametreleri değerlendirilerek oyunun yapısındaki değişikliklerin neler olduğunu belirlemek bu çalışmanın amacı olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma, 2002 – 2020 yılları arasında Amerikan Ulusal Basketbol Ligi (NBA) ve Avrupa Basketbol Ligi (EuroLeague) normal sezonlarında oynanan müsabakaları kapsamaktadır. Takımların maç başına sayıları, atış denemeleri ve isabetli atış sayısı, takımların maç başına üç sayılık atış denemeleri ve isabetli atış sayısı, ribaund, asist, top çalma, top kaybı ve blok ortalamaları parametreleri gruplandırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde EuroLeague ve NBA’de sezonlar ilerledikçe en çarpıcı değişimlerin maç başına sayı denemesi, atılan sayı, maç başına üç sayılık atış denemesi ve isabetli üç sayılık atışlarda meydana geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Oyun içerisinde meydana gelen sürekli değişim ve gelişim göz önüne alındığında yapılan çalışmaların güncellenmesi ve farklı istatistiksel yöntemler/yaklaşımlar kullanılarak her iki ligin de analiz edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Performance analysis is integral to modern football, providing data-driven insights for enhancing strategies, player development, and tactical behaviour. Collective behaviours in football, akin to natural systems, have gained attention. Team coordination, passing networks, and player movement dynamics are critical for analysing performance and team cohesion. Factors such as team length and width contribute to understanding collective behaviour. This study explores factors influencing teams' performance in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022, including ball possession, field zones, team width, team length, distance to the goal line, and area covered by the team. This study examined 64 matches played among the 32 teams. Analysis reveals the significance of goal-scoring ability, highlighting that winning teams score significantly more goals than draws and losses. Contrary to common belief, ball possession percentages do not significantly differ among these outcomes, indicating its nuanced role. Within possession and out-of-possession phases, strategies like line height, team length, and team depth vary little across different outcomes, suggesting the effectiveness of balanced approaches. In the final third phase, winning teams employ higher defensive lines and deeper formations. In conclusion, this study illuminates the multifaceted nature of football performance. Goal-scoring ability and field zone-specific strategies play pivotal roles. Ball possession's influence is more complex than previously thought. Understanding these dynamics can inform teams and coaches for more informed and effective performance optimization, emphasizing the need for nuanced analysis and future research.

Basketball is a high-intensity intermittent sport in which player rotation and substitution strategies are essential for managing fatigue and sustaining performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of four distinct rotation strategies (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-min work–rest intervals) on physiological, psychophysiological, and perceptual responses in basketball players. Fourteen professional male basketball players completed four randomized, counterbalanced, crossover 5v5 simulated game conditions. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), perceived exertion (RPE), session workload (sRPE), perceived fatigue, and exercise enjoyment were assessed across conditions. All rotation strategies elicited substantial cardiovascular stress compared with resting values, reflected by marked reductions in time domain HRV parameters, indicating sympathetic predominance during play. Maximal heart rate differed significantly between rotation conditions, suggesting cumulative cardiovascular stress with longer on-court durations. Shorter rotations were associated with better preservation of parasympathetic activity, as evidenced by higher RMSSD values, whereas longer rotations resulted in greater perceived exertion and internal load. Notably, exercise enjoyment remained stable across all rotation strategies. These findings demonstrate that rotation structure significantly influences autonomic regulation and perceptual responses in basketball. Shorter rotations may be advantageous for maintaining autonomic flexibility and supporting rapid recovery during high-intensity phases of play, while longer rotations may be useful for developing tolerance to competitive fatigue. Evidence based and individualized rotation strategies to optimize performance, manage fatigue, and support athlete wellbeing is essential in competitive basketball.

1. Basketball has undergone a profound transformation over the last two decades, not only in terms of game pace (Mandić et al., 2019), shot distribution (Freitas, 2021), or spatial organisation (Bo...