Antibiotics represent a frequently employed therapeutic modality for the management of bacterial infections across diverse domains, including human health, agriculture, livestock breeding, and fish farming. The efficacy of antibiotics relies on four distinct mechanisms of action, which are discussed in detail in this review, along with accompanying diagrammatic illustrations. Despite their effectiveness, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant challenge to treating bacterial infections. Bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. This review delves into the specific mechanisms that bacteria have developed to resist antibiotics, with the help of diagrammatic illustrations. Antibiotic resistance can spread among bacteria through various routes, resulting in previously susceptible bacteria becoming antibiotic-resistant. Multiple factors contribute to the worsening crisis of antibiotic resistance, including human misuse of antibiotics. This review also emphasizes alternative solutions proposed to mitigate the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance.

Liquid biopsy has evolved as a transformative strategy revolutionizing the oncology field. It encompasses the detection of circulating biomarkers derived f

Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in agricultural sector, controlling bacterial plant diseases using antibiotics has become challenging. Researchers have turned to alternative methods, such as using bacteriophages as a biocide for plants instead of antibiotics, to control pathogenic bacterial plant diseases. However, the application of bacteriophages as a biocide in agriculture faces several challenges that may impede its success. In this review article, we discuss the various issues that could lead to the failure of its application. We also propose solutions to address each problem to increase awareness and familiarity before implementing the method to better ensure its success.

The current review explores the novel subjects in microbial biotechnology and its fundamental impact on fostering a sustainable bioeconomy, illustrating the unique resilience of microorganisms (MOs) in degrading various pollutants and transforming agricultural waste into valuable products. It highlights how MOs can be harnessed for environmental cleanup, particularly in bioremediation efforts that utilize their natural capabilities to detoxify soil and water contaminated by industrial activities. The article discusses innovative strategies such as microbial valorization of agrowastes, which not only mitigates pollution but also contributes to the circular economy via converting waste into bioproducts like biofuels, enzymes, and fertilizers. Furthermore, it covers advancements in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which leverage the energy-producing potential of specific bacteria to generate electricity from organic matter. This technology represents a magnificent solution to the global energy crisis while addressing waste management challenges. Additionally, this review underscores the importance of understanding microbial acclimatization processes and custom-engineering microbes to enhance their efficiency in diverse environments. Overall, this work advocates for integrating microbial biotechnology into sustainable practices, aiming for a cleaner environment and a more resilient economy.

Microcystis aeruginosa is increasingly recognized as a valuable microbial source of bioactive secondary metabolites; however, the biotechnological potentia