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Dr. Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez
Strathclyde University

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0 Experimental Research
0 Offshore Engineering
0 Marine Energy
0 Tidal Current Turbines
0 Hydrodynamic performance

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Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Tidal devices are likely to faced with shear flows and subjected to various wave climates. The paper presents an experimental study of the combined impacts of shear profile and irregular waves on the loading of a 1/20th scale device operating at peak power extraction. The experiments presented were conducted at various depths to facilitate analysis of the effects of the shear flow and wave impact on the device at various positions in the water column. The fluid field was measured at three different upstream positions and at three depths (top, middle and bottom of the rotor) for each experiment; in doing so, data from the device were captured three times. The fluid measurements were of a high quality and were analysed to present the structure flow upstream of the device, which contained velocity and turbulence profiles. The upstream measurement was utilised to understand the development of flow structures in the approach to the device, and the impact of the flow structures measured was confirmed via cross-covariance calculations. The long datasets gathered were used to produce full rotational probability density functions for the blade-root-bending moments for three blades. The spectral characteristics were also considered, and showed that rotor loading quantities are less reactive to smaller scale flow structures.

ACS Style

Matthew Allmark; Rodrigo Martinez; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Catherine Lloyd; Tim O’Doherty; Grégory Germain; Benoît Gaurier; Cameron Johnstone. A Phenomenological Study of Lab-Scale Tidal Turbine Loading under Combined Irregular Wave and Shear Flow Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 593 .

AMA Style

Matthew Allmark, Rodrigo Martinez, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Catherine Lloyd, Tim O’Doherty, Grégory Germain, Benoît Gaurier, Cameron Johnstone. A Phenomenological Study of Lab-Scale Tidal Turbine Loading under Combined Irregular Wave and Shear Flow Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (6):593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Allmark; Rodrigo Martinez; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Catherine Lloyd; Tim O’Doherty; Grégory Germain; Benoît Gaurier; Cameron Johnstone. 2021. "A Phenomenological Study of Lab-Scale Tidal Turbine Loading under Combined Irregular Wave and Shear Flow Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6: 593.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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A Round Robin Tests program is being undertaken within the EC MaRINET2 initiative. This programme studies the used facility influence can have on the performance evaluation of a horizontal axis tidal turbine prototype when it is operated under wave and current conditions. In this paper, we present the design of experiments that is used throughout the work programme and the results related to the flow characterisation obtained at the Ifremer wave and current circulating tank, the Cnr-Inm wave towing tank and the ocean research facility FloWave. These facilities have been identified to provide adequate geometric conditions to accommodate a 0.724 m diameter turbine operating at flow velocities of 0.8 and 1.0 m/s. The set-up is replicated in each of the facilities with exemption of the amount of flow measuring instruments. Intrinsic differences in creating wave and currents between facilities are found. Flow velocities are up to 10% higher than the nominal values and wave amplitudes higher than the target values by up to a factor of 2. These discrepancies are related to the flow and wave generation methods used at each facility. When the flow velocity is measured besides the rotor, the velocity presents an increase of 8% compared to the upstream measurements.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Martinez; Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Gregory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Ivan Santic; Francesco Salvatore; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests: A Comparison of Flow Measurements and Turbine Loading. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 425 .

AMA Style

Rodrigo Martinez, Benoît Gaurier, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Jean-Valéry Facq, Gregory Germain, Cameron Johnstone, Ivan Santic, Francesco Salvatore, Thomas Davey, Chris Old, Brian Sellar. Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests: A Comparison of Flow Measurements and Turbine Loading. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (4):425.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Martinez; Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Gregory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Ivan Santic; Francesco Salvatore; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. 2021. "Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests: A Comparison of Flow Measurements and Turbine Loading." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4: 425.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Tidal turbine array optimization is crucial for the further development of the marine sector. It has already been observed that tidal turbines within an array can be heavily affected by excessive aerodynamic interference, thus leading to performance deterioration. Small-scale experimental tests aimed at understanding the physical mechanisms of interaction and identifying optimal distances between machines can be found in the literature. However, often, the relatively narrow channels of laboratories imply high blockage ratios, which could affect the results, making them unreliable if extrapolated to full-scale cases. The main aim of this numerical study was to analyze the effects of the blockage caused by the laboratory channel walls in cases of current and also current surface waves. For this purpose, the performance predictions achieved for two turbines arranged in line for different lateral offsets in case of a typical laboratory scale were compared to the predictions obtained for a full scale, unconfined environment. The methodology consisted in the adoption a hybrid Blade Element Momentum–Computational Fluid Dynamics (BEM-CFD) approach, which was based on the Virtual Blade Model of ANSYS-Fluent. The results indicate that (1) the performance of a downstream turbine can increase up to 5% when this has a lateral separation of 1.5D from an upstream device in a full-scale environment compared to a misleading 15% calculated for the laboratory set-up, and (2) the relative fluctuations of power and thrust generated by waves are not significantly affected by the domain dimensions.

ACS Style

Nicolo’ Lombardi; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Stefania Zanforlin; Cameron Johnstone. A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 969 .

AMA Style

Nicolo’ Lombardi, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Stefania Zanforlin, Cameron Johnstone. A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (12):969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolo’ Lombardi; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Stefania Zanforlin; Cameron Johnstone. 2020. "A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12: 969.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This Round Robin Test program aims to establish the influence of the combined wave and current effect on the power capture and performance of a generic tidal turbine prototype. Three facilities offering similar range of experimental conditions have been selected on the basis that their dimensions along with the rotor diameter of the turbine translate into low blockage ratio conditions. The performance of the turbine shows differences between the facilities up to 25% in terms of average power coefficient, depending on the wave and current cases. To prevent the flow velocity increasing these differences, the turbine performance coefficients have been systematically normalized using a time-average disc-integrated velocity, accounting for vertical gradients over the turbine swept area. Differences linked to blockage effects and turbulence characteristics between facilities are both responsible for 5 to 10% of the power coefficient gaps. The intrinsic differences between the tanks play a significant role as well. A first attempt is given to show how the wave-current interaction effects can be responsible for differences in the turbine performance. In these tanks, the simultaneous generation of wave and current is a key part often producing disruptions in both of these flow characteristics.

ACS Style

Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Grégory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Rodrigo Martinez; Francesco Salvatore; Ivan Santic; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. MaRINET2 Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests—Performance Comparison of a Horizontal Axis Turbine Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 463 .

AMA Style

Benoît Gaurier, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Jean-Valéry Facq, Grégory Germain, Cameron Johnstone, Rodrigo Martinez, Francesco Salvatore, Ivan Santic, Thomas Davey, Chris Old, Brian Sellar. MaRINET2 Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests—Performance Comparison of a Horizontal Axis Turbine Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (6):463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Grégory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Rodrigo Martinez; Francesco Salvatore; Ivan Santic; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. 2020. "MaRINET2 Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests—Performance Comparison of a Horizontal Axis Turbine Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6: 463.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2020 in Renewable Energy
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The paper describes the development and characterisation of three 0.9 m diameter lab-scale Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines. The blade development process has been outlined and was used to generate a design specification. Each turbine houses instrumentation to measure rotor thrust, torque and blade root bending moments on each blade, in both ‘flapwise’ and ‘edgewise’ directions. A permanent magnet synchronous machine and encoder are integrated to allow for servo-control of the turbine as well as to provide position and rotational velocity measurements, resulting in three turbines that can be individually controlled using speed or torque control. Analogue signals are captured via a real-time operating system and field programmable gate array hardware architecture facilitating sample rates of up to 2 kHz. Results from testing the pilot turbine at three differing facilities during the development process are presented. Here good agreement, less than 7% variation, was found when comparing the testing undertaken at various flume and tow tank facilities. Lastly, the findings of a test campaign to characterise the performance of each of the three turbines are presented. Very good agreement in non-dimensional values for each of the three manufactured turbines was found.

ACS Style

Matthew Allmark; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Kate Johannesen; Carl Byrne; Cameron Johnstone; Tim O’Doherty; Allan Mason-Jones. The development, design and characterisation of a scale model Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for dynamic load quantification. Renewable Energy 2020, 156, 913 -930.

AMA Style

Matthew Allmark, Robert Ellis, Catherine Lloyd, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Kate Johannesen, Carl Byrne, Cameron Johnstone, Tim O’Doherty, Allan Mason-Jones. The development, design and characterisation of a scale model Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for dynamic load quantification. Renewable Energy. 2020; 156 ():913-930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Allmark; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Kate Johannesen; Carl Byrne; Cameron Johnstone; Tim O’Doherty; Allan Mason-Jones. 2020. "The development, design and characterisation of a scale model Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for dynamic load quantification." Renewable Energy 156, no. : 913-930.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2019 in Journal of Fluids and Structures
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The tidal energy industry is progressing rapidly, but there are still barriers to overcome to realise the commercial potential of this sector. Large magnitude and highly variable loads caused by waves acting on the turbine are of particular concern. Composite blades with in-built bend-twist elastic response may reduce these peak loads, by passively feathering with increasing thrust. This could decrease capital costs by lowering the design loads, and improve robustness through the mitigation of pitch mechanisms. In this study, the previous research is extended to examine the performance of bend-twist blades in combined wave–current flow, which will frequently be encountered in the field. A scaled 3 bladed turbine was tested in the flume at IFREMER with bend-twist composite blades and equivalent rigid blades, sequentially under current and co-directional wave–current cases. In agreement with previous research, when the turbine was operating in current alone at higher tip speed ratios the bend-twist blades reduced the mean thrust and power compared to the rigid blades. Under the specific wave–current condition tested the average loads were similar on both blade sets. Nevertheless, the bend-twist blades substantially reduced the magnitudes of the average thrust and torque fluctuations per wave cycle, by up to 10% and 14% respectively.

ACS Style

Kate E. Porter; Stephanie E. Ordonez-Sanchez; Robynne E. Murray; Matthew Allmark; Cameron M. Johnstone; Tim O’Doherty; Allan Mason-Jones; Darrel A. Doman; Michael J. Pegg. Flume testing of passively adaptive composite tidal turbine blades under combined wave and current loading. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2019, 93, 102825 .

AMA Style

Kate E. Porter, Stephanie E. Ordonez-Sanchez, Robynne E. Murray, Matthew Allmark, Cameron M. Johnstone, Tim O’Doherty, Allan Mason-Jones, Darrel A. Doman, Michael J. Pegg. Flume testing of passively adaptive composite tidal turbine blades under combined wave and current loading. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2019; 93 ():102825.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kate E. Porter; Stephanie E. Ordonez-Sanchez; Robynne E. Murray; Matthew Allmark; Cameron M. Johnstone; Tim O’Doherty; Allan Mason-Jones; Darrel A. Doman; Michael J. Pegg. 2019. "Flume testing of passively adaptive composite tidal turbine blades under combined wave and current loading." Journal of Fluids and Structures 93, no. : 102825.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Existing installations of tidal-stream turbines are undertaken in energetic sites with flow speeds greater than 2 m/s. Sites with lower velocities will produce far less power and may not be as economically viable when using “conventional” tidal turbine designs. However, designing turbines for these less energetic conditions may improve the global viability of tidal technology. Lower hydrodynamic loads are expected, allowing for cost reduction through downsizing and using cheaper materials. This work presents a design methodology for low-solidity high tip-speed ratio turbines aimed to operate at less energetic flows with velocities less than 1.5 m/s. Turbines operating under representative real-site conditions in Mexico and the Philippines are evaluated using a quasi-unsteady blade element momentum method. Blade geometry alterations are undertaken using a scaling factor applied to chord and twist distributions. A parametric filtering and multi-objective decision model is used to select the optimum design among the generated blade variations. It was found that the low-solidity high tip-speed ratio blades lead to a slight power drop of less than 8.5% when compared to the “conventional” blade geometries. Nonetheless, an increase in rotational speed, reaching a tip-speed ratio (TSR) of 7.75, combined with huge reduction in the torque requirement of as much as 30% paves the way for reduced costs from generator downsizing and simplified power take-off mechanisms.

ACS Style

Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Cameron Johnstone; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez. Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for Less Energetic Current Velocity Profiles. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 197 .

AMA Style

Job Immanuel Encarnacion, Cameron Johnstone, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez. Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for Less Energetic Current Velocity Profiles. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (7):197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Cameron Johnstone; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez. 2019. "Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for Less Energetic Current Velocity Profiles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7: 197.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Marine renewables represent a promising and innovative alternative source for satisfying the energy demands of growing populations while reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. Most technological advancements and energy yield assessments have focused on promoting the use of kinetic energy from tidal streams with flow velocities higher than 2.0 m s−1. However, slower-moving flows from ocean currents are recently explored due to their nearly continuous and unidirectional seasonal flows. In this study, the potential of the Yucatan Current was analysed at nearshore sites over the insular shelf of Cozumel Island in the Mexican Caribbean. Field measurements were undertaken using a vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to analyse the spatial distribution of flow velocities, along with Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles as well as data gathering of bathymetry and water elevations. Northward directed flow velocities were identified, with increasing velocities just before the end of the strait of the Cozumel Channel, where average velocities in the region of 0.88–1.04 m s−1 were recorded. An estimation of power delivery using horizontal axis turbines was undertaken with Blade Element Momentum theory. It was estimated that nearly 3.2 MW could be supplied to Cozumel Island, amounting to about 10% of its electricity consumption.

ACS Style

Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta; Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Stephanie Ordoñez-Sánchez; Mariana Callejas-Jiménez; Gabriel Gallegos Diez Barroso; Matthew Allmark; Ismael Mariño-Tapia; Rodolfo Silva Casarín; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone; Laura Carrillo. Energy Yield Assessment from Ocean Currents in the Insular Shelf of Cozumel Island. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 147 .

AMA Style

Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta, Job Immanuel Encarnacion, Stephanie Ordoñez-Sánchez, Mariana Callejas-Jiménez, Gabriel Gallegos Diez Barroso, Matthew Allmark, Ismael Mariño-Tapia, Rodolfo Silva Casarín, Tim O’Doherty, Cameron Johnstone, Laura Carrillo. Energy Yield Assessment from Ocean Currents in the Insular Shelf of Cozumel Island. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (5):147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta; Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Stephanie Ordoñez-Sánchez; Mariana Callejas-Jiménez; Gabriel Gallegos Diez Barroso; Matthew Allmark; Ismael Mariño-Tapia; Rodolfo Silva Casarín; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone; Laura Carrillo. 2019. "Energy Yield Assessment from Ocean Currents in the Insular Shelf of Cozumel Island." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5: 147.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2019 in Ocean Engineering
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As previously experienced by the wind industry, it is envisaged that tidal stream turbine blades will present misalignments or blade deformations over time as they are constantly working under harsh and highly unsteady environments. Blade misalignment will affect the power capture of a tidal stream turbine and if not detected in time could affect other components of the drive train. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to compare the use of two numerical modelling techniques to predict the performance of a tidal stream turbine working under off-design conditions, in this case, the misalignment of one or more blades. The techniques used in this study are Blade Element Momentum Theory and Computational Fluid Dynamics. The numerical models simulate the performance of a three-bladed horizontal axis tidal stream turbine with one or two blades offset from the optimum pitch setting. The simulations were undertaken at 1.0 m/s flow speeds. The results demonstrated that both unsteady BEMT and steady or transient CFD are able to predict power coefficients when there is a certain level of misalignment in one or even two blades. However, both techniques failed to accurately predict a loss of power performance at high rotational speeds.

ACS Style

S. Ordonez-Sanchez; R. Ellis; K.E. Porter; Matthew Allmark; T. O'doherty; A. Mason-Jones; C. Johnstone. Numerical models to predict the performance of tidal stream turbines working under off-design conditions. Ocean Engineering 2019, 181, 198 -211.

AMA Style

S. Ordonez-Sanchez, R. Ellis, K.E. Porter, Matthew Allmark, T. O'doherty, A. Mason-Jones, C. Johnstone. Numerical models to predict the performance of tidal stream turbines working under off-design conditions. Ocean Engineering. 2019; 181 ():198-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Ordonez-Sanchez; R. Ellis; K.E. Porter; Matthew Allmark; T. O'doherty; A. Mason-Jones; C. Johnstone. 2019. "Numerical models to predict the performance of tidal stream turbines working under off-design conditions." Ocean Engineering 181, no. : 198-211.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2019 in Energies
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The flow developed on a tidal site can be characterized by combinations of turbulence, shear flows, and waves. Horizontal-axis tidal turbines are therefore subjected to dynamic loadings that may compromise the working life of the rotor and drive train components. To this end, a series of experiments were carried out using a 0.9 m horizontal-axis tidal turbine in a tow tank facility. The experiments included two types of regular waveforms, one of them simulating an extreme wave case, the other simulating a more moderate wave case. The second regular wave was designed to match the peak period and significant wave height of an irregular wave which was also tested. Measurements of torque, thrust, and blade-bending moments were taken during the testing campaign. Speed and torque control strategies were implemented for a range of operational points to investigate the influence that a control mode had in the performance of a tidal stream turbine. The results showed similar average power and thrust values were not affected by the control strategy, nor the influence of either the regular or irregular wave cases. However, it was observed that using torque control resulted in an increase of thrust and blade root bending moment fluctuations per wave period. The increase in fluctuations was in the order of 40% when compared to the speed control cases.

ACS Style

Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Matthew Allmark; Kate Porter; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Ivan Santic; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone. Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies. Energies 2019, 12, 367 .

AMA Style

Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Matthew Allmark, Kate Porter, Robert Ellis, Catherine Lloyd, Ivan Santic, Tim O’Doherty, Cameron Johnstone. Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies. Energies. 2019; 12 (3):367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Matthew Allmark; Kate Porter; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Ivan Santic; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone. 2019. "Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies." Energies 12, no. 3: 367.