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Cameron Johnstone
Energy Systems Research Unit, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK

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Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Tidal devices are likely to faced with shear flows and subjected to various wave climates. The paper presents an experimental study of the combined impacts of shear profile and irregular waves on the loading of a 1/20th scale device operating at peak power extraction. The experiments presented were conducted at various depths to facilitate analysis of the effects of the shear flow and wave impact on the device at various positions in the water column. The fluid field was measured at three different upstream positions and at three depths (top, middle and bottom of the rotor) for each experiment; in doing so, data from the device were captured three times. The fluid measurements were of a high quality and were analysed to present the structure flow upstream of the device, which contained velocity and turbulence profiles. The upstream measurement was utilised to understand the development of flow structures in the approach to the device, and the impact of the flow structures measured was confirmed via cross-covariance calculations. The long datasets gathered were used to produce full rotational probability density functions for the blade-root-bending moments for three blades. The spectral characteristics were also considered, and showed that rotor loading quantities are less reactive to smaller scale flow structures.

ACS Style

Matthew Allmark; Rodrigo Martinez; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Catherine Lloyd; Tim O’Doherty; Grégory Germain; Benoît Gaurier; Cameron Johnstone. A Phenomenological Study of Lab-Scale Tidal Turbine Loading under Combined Irregular Wave and Shear Flow Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 593 .

AMA Style

Matthew Allmark, Rodrigo Martinez, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Catherine Lloyd, Tim O’Doherty, Grégory Germain, Benoît Gaurier, Cameron Johnstone. A Phenomenological Study of Lab-Scale Tidal Turbine Loading under Combined Irregular Wave and Shear Flow Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (6):593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Allmark; Rodrigo Martinez; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Catherine Lloyd; Tim O’Doherty; Grégory Germain; Benoît Gaurier; Cameron Johnstone. 2021. "A Phenomenological Study of Lab-Scale Tidal Turbine Loading under Combined Irregular Wave and Shear Flow Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6: 593.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2021 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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A Round Robin Tests program is being undertaken within the EC MaRINET2 initiative. This programme studies the used facility influence can have on the performance evaluation of a horizontal axis tidal turbine prototype when it is operated under wave and current conditions. In this paper, we present the design of experiments that is used throughout the work programme and the results related to the flow characterisation obtained at the Ifremer wave and current circulating tank, the Cnr-Inm wave towing tank and the ocean research facility FloWave. These facilities have been identified to provide adequate geometric conditions to accommodate a 0.724 m diameter turbine operating at flow velocities of 0.8 and 1.0 m/s. The set-up is replicated in each of the facilities with exemption of the amount of flow measuring instruments. Intrinsic differences in creating wave and currents between facilities are found. Flow velocities are up to 10% higher than the nominal values and wave amplitudes higher than the target values by up to a factor of 2. These discrepancies are related to the flow and wave generation methods used at each facility. When the flow velocity is measured besides the rotor, the velocity presents an increase of 8% compared to the upstream measurements.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Martinez; Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Gregory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Ivan Santic; Francesco Salvatore; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests: A Comparison of Flow Measurements and Turbine Loading. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 425 .

AMA Style

Rodrigo Martinez, Benoît Gaurier, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Jean-Valéry Facq, Gregory Germain, Cameron Johnstone, Ivan Santic, Francesco Salvatore, Thomas Davey, Chris Old, Brian Sellar. Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests: A Comparison of Flow Measurements and Turbine Loading. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (4):425.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Martinez; Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Gregory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Ivan Santic; Francesco Salvatore; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. 2021. "Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests: A Comparison of Flow Measurements and Turbine Loading." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4: 425.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Tidal turbine array optimization is crucial for the further development of the marine sector. It has already been observed that tidal turbines within an array can be heavily affected by excessive aerodynamic interference, thus leading to performance deterioration. Small-scale experimental tests aimed at understanding the physical mechanisms of interaction and identifying optimal distances between machines can be found in the literature. However, often, the relatively narrow channels of laboratories imply high blockage ratios, which could affect the results, making them unreliable if extrapolated to full-scale cases. The main aim of this numerical study was to analyze the effects of the blockage caused by the laboratory channel walls in cases of current and also current surface waves. For this purpose, the performance predictions achieved for two turbines arranged in line for different lateral offsets in case of a typical laboratory scale were compared to the predictions obtained for a full scale, unconfined environment. The methodology consisted in the adoption a hybrid Blade Element Momentum–Computational Fluid Dynamics (BEM-CFD) approach, which was based on the Virtual Blade Model of ANSYS-Fluent. The results indicate that (1) the performance of a downstream turbine can increase up to 5% when this has a lateral separation of 1.5D from an upstream device in a full-scale environment compared to a misleading 15% calculated for the laboratory set-up, and (2) the relative fluctuations of power and thrust generated by waves are not significantly affected by the domain dimensions.

ACS Style

Nicolo’ Lombardi; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Stefania Zanforlin; Cameron Johnstone. A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 969 .

AMA Style

Nicolo’ Lombardi, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Stefania Zanforlin, Cameron Johnstone. A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (12):969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolo’ Lombardi; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Stefania Zanforlin; Cameron Johnstone. 2020. "A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12: 969.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This Round Robin Test program aims to establish the influence of the combined wave and current effect on the power capture and performance of a generic tidal turbine prototype. Three facilities offering similar range of experimental conditions have been selected on the basis that their dimensions along with the rotor diameter of the turbine translate into low blockage ratio conditions. The performance of the turbine shows differences between the facilities up to 25% in terms of average power coefficient, depending on the wave and current cases. To prevent the flow velocity increasing these differences, the turbine performance coefficients have been systematically normalized using a time-average disc-integrated velocity, accounting for vertical gradients over the turbine swept area. Differences linked to blockage effects and turbulence characteristics between facilities are both responsible for 5 to 10% of the power coefficient gaps. The intrinsic differences between the tanks play a significant role as well. A first attempt is given to show how the wave-current interaction effects can be responsible for differences in the turbine performance. In these tanks, the simultaneous generation of wave and current is a key part often producing disruptions in both of these flow characteristics.

ACS Style

Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Grégory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Rodrigo Martinez; Francesco Salvatore; Ivan Santic; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. MaRINET2 Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests—Performance Comparison of a Horizontal Axis Turbine Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 463 .

AMA Style

Benoît Gaurier, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Jean-Valéry Facq, Grégory Germain, Cameron Johnstone, Rodrigo Martinez, Francesco Salvatore, Ivan Santic, Thomas Davey, Chris Old, Brian Sellar. MaRINET2 Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests—Performance Comparison of a Horizontal Axis Turbine Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (6):463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benoît Gaurier; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Jean-Valéry Facq; Grégory Germain; Cameron Johnstone; Rodrigo Martinez; Francesco Salvatore; Ivan Santic; Thomas Davey; Chris Old; Brian Sellar. 2020. "MaRINET2 Tidal Energy Round Robin Tests—Performance Comparison of a Horizontal Axis Turbine Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6: 463.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2020 in Renewable Energy
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The paper describes the development and characterisation of three 0.9 m diameter lab-scale Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines. The blade development process has been outlined and was used to generate a design specification. Each turbine houses instrumentation to measure rotor thrust, torque and blade root bending moments on each blade, in both ‘flapwise’ and ‘edgewise’ directions. A permanent magnet synchronous machine and encoder are integrated to allow for servo-control of the turbine as well as to provide position and rotational velocity measurements, resulting in three turbines that can be individually controlled using speed or torque control. Analogue signals are captured via a real-time operating system and field programmable gate array hardware architecture facilitating sample rates of up to 2 kHz. Results from testing the pilot turbine at three differing facilities during the development process are presented. Here good agreement, less than 7% variation, was found when comparing the testing undertaken at various flume and tow tank facilities. Lastly, the findings of a test campaign to characterise the performance of each of the three turbines are presented. Very good agreement in non-dimensional values for each of the three manufactured turbines was found.

ACS Style

Matthew Allmark; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Kate Johannesen; Carl Byrne; Cameron Johnstone; Tim O’Doherty; Allan Mason-Jones. The development, design and characterisation of a scale model Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for dynamic load quantification. Renewable Energy 2020, 156, 913 -930.

AMA Style

Matthew Allmark, Robert Ellis, Catherine Lloyd, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Kate Johannesen, Carl Byrne, Cameron Johnstone, Tim O’Doherty, Allan Mason-Jones. The development, design and characterisation of a scale model Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for dynamic load quantification. Renewable Energy. 2020; 156 ():913-930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Allmark; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Kate Johannesen; Carl Byrne; Cameron Johnstone; Tim O’Doherty; Allan Mason-Jones. 2020. "The development, design and characterisation of a scale model Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for dynamic load quantification." Renewable Energy 156, no. : 913-930.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Existing installations of tidal-stream turbines are undertaken in energetic sites with flow speeds greater than 2 m/s. Sites with lower velocities will produce far less power and may not be as economically viable when using “conventional” tidal turbine designs. However, designing turbines for these less energetic conditions may improve the global viability of tidal technology. Lower hydrodynamic loads are expected, allowing for cost reduction through downsizing and using cheaper materials. This work presents a design methodology for low-solidity high tip-speed ratio turbines aimed to operate at less energetic flows with velocities less than 1.5 m/s. Turbines operating under representative real-site conditions in Mexico and the Philippines are evaluated using a quasi-unsteady blade element momentum method. Blade geometry alterations are undertaken using a scaling factor applied to chord and twist distributions. A parametric filtering and multi-objective decision model is used to select the optimum design among the generated blade variations. It was found that the low-solidity high tip-speed ratio blades lead to a slight power drop of less than 8.5% when compared to the “conventional” blade geometries. Nonetheless, an increase in rotational speed, reaching a tip-speed ratio (TSR) of 7.75, combined with huge reduction in the torque requirement of as much as 30% paves the way for reduced costs from generator downsizing and simplified power take-off mechanisms.

ACS Style

Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Cameron Johnstone; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez. Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for Less Energetic Current Velocity Profiles. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 197 .

AMA Style

Job Immanuel Encarnacion, Cameron Johnstone, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez. Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for Less Energetic Current Velocity Profiles. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (7):197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Cameron Johnstone; Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez. 2019. "Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine for Less Energetic Current Velocity Profiles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7: 197.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2019 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Marine renewables represent a promising and innovative alternative source for satisfying the energy demands of growing populations while reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. Most technological advancements and energy yield assessments have focused on promoting the use of kinetic energy from tidal streams with flow velocities higher than 2.0 m s−1. However, slower-moving flows from ocean currents are recently explored due to their nearly continuous and unidirectional seasonal flows. In this study, the potential of the Yucatan Current was analysed at nearshore sites over the insular shelf of Cozumel Island in the Mexican Caribbean. Field measurements were undertaken using a vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to analyse the spatial distribution of flow velocities, along with Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles as well as data gathering of bathymetry and water elevations. Northward directed flow velocities were identified, with increasing velocities just before the end of the strait of the Cozumel Channel, where average velocities in the region of 0.88–1.04 m s−1 were recorded. An estimation of power delivery using horizontal axis turbines was undertaken with Blade Element Momentum theory. It was estimated that nearly 3.2 MW could be supplied to Cozumel Island, amounting to about 10% of its electricity consumption.

ACS Style

Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta; Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Stephanie Ordoñez-Sánchez; Mariana Callejas-Jiménez; Gabriel Gallegos Diez Barroso; Matthew Allmark; Ismael Mariño-Tapia; Rodolfo Silva Casarín; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone; Laura Carrillo. Energy Yield Assessment from Ocean Currents in the Insular Shelf of Cozumel Island. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2019, 7, 147 .

AMA Style

Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta, Job Immanuel Encarnacion, Stephanie Ordoñez-Sánchez, Mariana Callejas-Jiménez, Gabriel Gallegos Diez Barroso, Matthew Allmark, Ismael Mariño-Tapia, Rodolfo Silva Casarín, Tim O’Doherty, Cameron Johnstone, Laura Carrillo. Energy Yield Assessment from Ocean Currents in the Insular Shelf of Cozumel Island. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2019; 7 (5):147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta; Job Immanuel Encarnacion; Stephanie Ordoñez-Sánchez; Mariana Callejas-Jiménez; Gabriel Gallegos Diez Barroso; Matthew Allmark; Ismael Mariño-Tapia; Rodolfo Silva Casarín; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone; Laura Carrillo. 2019. "Energy Yield Assessment from Ocean Currents in the Insular Shelf of Cozumel Island." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5: 147.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2019 in Energies
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The flow developed on a tidal site can be characterized by combinations of turbulence, shear flows, and waves. Horizontal-axis tidal turbines are therefore subjected to dynamic loadings that may compromise the working life of the rotor and drive train components. To this end, a series of experiments were carried out using a 0.9 m horizontal-axis tidal turbine in a tow tank facility. The experiments included two types of regular waveforms, one of them simulating an extreme wave case, the other simulating a more moderate wave case. The second regular wave was designed to match the peak period and significant wave height of an irregular wave which was also tested. Measurements of torque, thrust, and blade-bending moments were taken during the testing campaign. Speed and torque control strategies were implemented for a range of operational points to investigate the influence that a control mode had in the performance of a tidal stream turbine. The results showed similar average power and thrust values were not affected by the control strategy, nor the influence of either the regular or irregular wave cases. However, it was observed that using torque control resulted in an increase of thrust and blade root bending moment fluctuations per wave period. The increase in fluctuations was in the order of 40% when compared to the speed control cases.

ACS Style

Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Matthew Allmark; Kate Porter; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Ivan Santic; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone. Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies. Energies 2019, 12, 367 .

AMA Style

Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Matthew Allmark, Kate Porter, Robert Ellis, Catherine Lloyd, Ivan Santic, Tim O’Doherty, Cameron Johnstone. Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies. Energies. 2019; 12 (3):367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez; Matthew Allmark; Kate Porter; Robert Ellis; Catherine Lloyd; Ivan Santic; Tim O’Doherty; Cameron Johnstone. 2019. "Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies." Energies 12, no. 3: 367.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2016 in Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion
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Tribology in marine renewable technologies has become of increasing interest due to the implications for developing improved materials for tidal and wave energy conversion devices. This on-going research mainly focuses on tidal devices; the materials of interest are primarily polymer-based composite materials that are used to provide structural integrity while reducing weight. These are specifically applied to turbine blades to withstand the high impact loadings in seawater conditions. At present, current materials in test trials have demonstrated some limitations in service. In this paper, some advanced experimental research has been carried out to investigate the tribological mechanisms of potential candidate composite materials to be used in tidal turbines by firstly considering the effects of various erosion parameters on the degradation modes, with and without particles in still and seawater conditions. The erosion mechanisms of composite materials used in tidal turbine blades have been evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques to analyse the surface morphologies following testing in water representative of the constituents of coastal seawater. Generic erosion maps and the mechanistic maps have been constructed as a key to identify regions of minimum erosion for the operating conditions and to identify the significant effect of the seawater environment on the degradation of the composite. This research outcome will further help us to deeply understand and identify the erosion rates at different impact velocities and angles.

ACS Style

Rafee Abdulmajeed Rafee Ahamed; Cameron M. Johnstone; Margaret M. Stack. Impact Angle Effects on Erosion Maps of GFRP: Applications to Tidal Turbines. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 2016, 2, 1 .

AMA Style

Rafee Abdulmajeed Rafee Ahamed, Cameron M. Johnstone, Margaret M. Stack. Impact Angle Effects on Erosion Maps of GFRP: Applications to Tidal Turbines. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion. 2016; 2 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafee Abdulmajeed Rafee Ahamed; Cameron M. Johnstone; Margaret M. Stack. 2016. "Impact Angle Effects on Erosion Maps of GFRP: Applications to Tidal Turbines." Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 2, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2016 in Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion
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Tidal energy, of all marine renewables energy, possesses higher persistency and predictability over long-time scales. Moreover, the higher density of water than air also results in greater power output from a tidal turbine than a wind turbine with similar dimensions. Due to the aggressive marine environment, there are barriers in the development of tidal power generation technology. In particular, with regard to increased rotor diameter, the selection of material presents significant challenges to be addressed including the tribological environment, such as solid particle erosion, cavitation erosion, the effect of high thrust loading on the turbine blade tips and the synergy between sea water conditions and such tribological phenomena. This research focuses on producing and testing a variety of composite materials with different fibres and reinforcement layouts to evaluate two main tribological issues in tidal environments: matrix cutting and reinforcement fracture. A slurry pot test rig was used to measure the effects of different impact angles and particles sizes at constant tip speeds.

ACS Style

Ghulam Rasool; Shayan Sharifi; Cameron Johnstone; Margaret M. Stack. Mapping Synergy of Erosion Mechanisms of Tidal Turbine Composite Materials in Sea Water Conditions. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 2016, 2, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Ghulam Rasool, Shayan Sharifi, Cameron Johnstone, Margaret M. Stack. Mapping Synergy of Erosion Mechanisms of Tidal Turbine Composite Materials in Sea Water Conditions. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion. 2016; 2 (2):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghulam Rasool; Shayan Sharifi; Cameron Johnstone; Margaret M. Stack. 2016. "Mapping Synergy of Erosion Mechanisms of Tidal Turbine Composite Materials in Sea Water Conditions." Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 2, no. 2: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2015 in International Journal of Marine Energy
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One key step of the industrial development of a tidal energy device is the testing of scale prototype devices within a controlled laboratory environment. At present, there is no available experimental protocol which addresses in a quantitative manner the differences which can be expected between results obtained from the different types of facilities currently employed for this type of testing. As a consequence, where differences between results are found it has been difficult to confirm the extent to which these differences relate to the device performance or to the test facility type. In the present study, a comparative “Round Robin” testing programme has been conducted as part of the EC FP VII MaRINET program in order to evaluate the impact of different experimental facilities on the test results. The aim of the trials was to test the same model tidal turbine in four different test facilities to explore the sensitivity of the results to the choice of facility. The facilities comprised two towing tanks, of very different size, and two circulating water channels. Performance assessments in terms of torque, drag and inflow speed showed very similar results in all facilities. However, expected differences between the different tank types (circulating and towing) were observed in the fluctuations of torque and drag measurements. The main facility parameters which can influence the behaviour of the turbine were identified; in particular the effect of blockage was shown to be significant in cases yielding for high thrust coefficients, even at relatively small blockage ratios.

ACS Style

B. Gaurier; G. Germain; J.V. Facq; C.M. Johnstone; A.D. Grant; A.H. Day; E. Nixon; F. Di Felice; M. Costanzo. Tidal energy “Round Robin” tests comparisons between towing tank and circulating tank results. International Journal of Marine Energy 2015, 12, 87 -109.

AMA Style

B. Gaurier, G. Germain, J.V. Facq, C.M. Johnstone, A.D. Grant, A.H. Day, E. Nixon, F. Di Felice, M. Costanzo. Tidal energy “Round Robin” tests comparisons between towing tank and circulating tank results. International Journal of Marine Energy. 2015; 12 ():87-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Gaurier; G. Germain; J.V. Facq; C.M. Johnstone; A.D. Grant; A.H. Day; E. Nixon; F. Di Felice; M. Costanzo. 2015. "Tidal energy “Round Robin” tests comparisons between towing tank and circulating tank results." International Journal of Marine Energy 12, no. : 87-109.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2012 in Renewable Energy
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A general and widely applicable methodology to assess and present the performance of wave energy converters (WEC) based on sea trials is presented. It is meant to encourage WEC developers to present the performance of their WEC prototypes, on a transparent and equitable way while taking care of possible discrepancy in the observed performance of the WEC. Due to the harsh uncontrollable conditions of the sea that is encountered by WECs during sea trials, some of the performance of the WECs might be sub optimal and the data sets not fully complete. The methodology enables to filter the data by applying a selection criterion on the performance data that was obtained for a certain range of wave conditions. This selection criteria result in a subset of performance data representing the performance of the WEC for specific wave conditions, from which an average value an appreciation of the related uncertainty can be derived. This can lead to the estimation of the annual energy output of the WEC at its test location, while it also provides a method to estimate its annual energy output for another location of interest and possibly also at another scaling ratio. The same methodology can also be used to perform parametric studies with environmental or device dependent parameters and to analyse the power conversion chain from wave to wire, which both could lead to an enhanced understanding of the performance and behaviour of the WEC. The same methodology is also applicable to tidal devices or any other developing technologies that are used in an uncontrollable environment.

ACS Style

Jens Peter Kofoed; A. Pêcher; L. Margheritini; M. Antonishen; C. Bittencourt; B. Holmes; C. Retzler; K. Berthelsen; I. Le Crom; F. Neumann; C. Johnstone; T. McCombes; L.E. Myers. A methodology for equitable performance assessment and presentation of wave energy converters based on sea trials. Renewable Energy 2012, 52, 99 -110.

AMA Style

Jens Peter Kofoed, A. Pêcher, L. Margheritini, M. Antonishen, C. Bittencourt, B. Holmes, C. Retzler, K. Berthelsen, I. Le Crom, F. Neumann, C. Johnstone, T. McCombes, L.E. Myers. A methodology for equitable performance assessment and presentation of wave energy converters based on sea trials. Renewable Energy. 2012; 52 ():99-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jens Peter Kofoed; A. Pêcher; L. Margheritini; M. Antonishen; C. Bittencourt; B. Holmes; C. Retzler; K. Berthelsen; I. Le Crom; F. Neumann; C. Johnstone; T. McCombes; L.E. Myers. 2012. "A methodology for equitable performance assessment and presentation of wave energy converters based on sea trials." Renewable Energy 52, no. : 99-110.