This article considers modern approaches to obtaining synthetic oil from unconventional hydrocarbon feedstocks, including plastic waste, tires, biomass, coal, and extra-heavy oil. Particular attention is paid to multi-stage technologies, such as pyrolysis, catalytic depolymerization, gasification followed by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and hydrocracking of heavy residues. The important role of catalysts in increasing the selectivity and economic efficiency of processes is noted: nanostructured, bifunctional, and pollution-resistant systems are increasingly used. Economic factors influencing the competitiveness of this industry are considered, including the volatility of prices for traditional oil, government support measures, and the development of waste logistics infrastructure. It is emphasized that the strengthening of the position of synthetic oil is associated with the growth of environmental requirements stimulating the recycling of plastics, tires, and biomass; at the same time, compliance with high environmental standards and transparency of emission control play a critical role in the social aspects of projects. In addition to improving the environmental situation, the development of synthetic oil contributes to the creation of jobs, the resolution of problems of shortage of classical oil fields, and the increase of energy security. It is concluded that further improvement of technologies and integration into industrial clusters can turn this sphere into a significant component of the future energy sector.

This paper presents a modern spectroscopic characterization of the synthetic oil from oil sands of Beke, Munaily-Mola, and Dongeleksor. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures up to 580 °C with a controlled heating rate, and the products obtained were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MSD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra showed a predominance of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sample from Munaily-Mola synthetic oil, while the content of aromatic compounds was higher in the sample from Beke. GC–MSD analysis revealed significant differences in the distribution of hydrocarbons between the samples, with the Munaily-Mola sample containing a higher proportion of heavy hydrocarbons. NMR spectroscopy provided additional information about the structural composition of the extracted oil. The results indicate the potential of pyrolysis as an effective method for processing oil sands, while the composition of the product varies depending on the geological origin of the raw materials. These findings provide valuable information for optimizing oil sands processing technologies and improving the efficiency of synthetic oil production.

The article presents the main characteristics of the natural bitumen of Munaily-Mola oil sands in comparison to Karazhanbas crude oil.

In this paper, the main characteristics of the natural bitumen of the Munaily-Mola oil sands were studied with comparison crude oil of Karazhanbas oil field. During the experiment, the density, heating value, ash content and elemental composition of natural bitumen were determined, and these parameters were compared with the properties of Karazhanbas crude oil. As well as oil, resin and asphaltene fractions of both hydrocarbons were separated and each of them were analyzed at a Fourier transform IR-spectroscopy Spectrum-65 with 450-4000 cm−1 range. According to these indicators, it is concluded that natural bitumen is a heavy hydrocarbon raw material with highly resin-asphaltene compounds. Like Karazhanbas oil, natural bitumen can be used as a raw material for various petrochemical products. By finding ways of effective processing of natural bitumen, it can be used in useful areas of the national economy.