This systematic review and reliability generalization meta-analysis synthesized psychometric literature on instrumentation assessing child-to-parent violence published through September 2023 across four databases. In the screening, we identified studies reporting Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency estimates for the child-to-parent violence scales. The eligible reliability coefficients ranged from 0.610 to 0.930, mostly exceeding the minimum threshold of 0.700. Random-effects models calculated pooled Cronbach’s alphas separately for global, father-specific, and mother-specific subscales. The results demonstrated cumulative values of 0.83 (global: standard error = 0.0129), 0.800 (fathers: standard error = 0.0203), and 0.81 (mothers: standard error = 0.0179), denoting largely adequate reliability. However, significant between-study heterogeneity was observed. While the mean alpha levels seem acceptable for most tools, substantial variability coupled with the possibility of some studies violating reliability assumptions indicates that a conservative interpretation is warranted. Ongoing scale refinement and additional psychometric evaluations will strengthen the rigor methodology in this developing research domain. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, as there is a high level of heterogeneity, and it is possible that some studies have not verified the assumptions underlying Cronbach’s alpha.

This article aims to review the linguistic adaptation and psychometric validation of psychological assessment instruments through a narrative review. Linguistic adaptation involves translating and culturally adjusting instruments to fit the target population, while psychometric validation assesses reliability using indicators such as Cronbach's Alpha (α≥0.70) and McDonald's Omega (ω≥0.70). Additional reliability measures include Guttman's Lambda (λ≥ 0.70) and Composite Reliability (CR≥ 0.70). Validity is evaluated through the Average Variance Extracted (AVE≥ 0.50) and the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT≤ 0.85). Model fit is assessed using indices such as CFI (≥ 0.90), TLI (≥ 0.90), NFI (≥ 0.90), NNFI (≥ 0.90), RFI (≥ 0.90), IFI (≥ 0.90), GFI (≥ 0.90), AGFI (≥ 0.90), PGFI (≥ 0.50), PNFI (≥ 0.50), PCFI (≥ 0.50), RMSEA (≤ 0.08 acceptable, ≤ 0.05), and SRMR (≤ 0.08). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is also employed to investigate measurement invariance, ensuring the stability of the instrument across different groups.

Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud

Child-to-parent violence is a form of family violence where the children are the aggressors. Objective: This study first aimed to analyze the psychometric validity of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q) among Ecuadorian adolescents. Second, the measurement invariance across the children’s sex was examined. Finally, the prevalence of child-to-parent violence (CPV) was also determined. Methods: A total of 2084 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years participated in this study. The participants were residents of two provinces in southern Ecuador. A higher percentage of participants were women. They lived mostly with their father and mother. The married marital status of the parents was the most frequently reported. Most of the fathers and mothers of the participants completed primary education. The sampling design was probabilistic, with proportional allocation by age and quotas according to the number of inhabitants per province. The sample size was determined by using a finite population formula. All the participants were randomly selected. The CPV-Q was used to assess child-to-parent violence. The items were adapted linguistically and tailored to the Ecuadorian context. Results: The questionnaire demonstrated excellent model fit and adequate reliability. Full measurement invariance was held for all scales except for the reasons subscale pertaining to fathers. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to the sex of the aggressor, with control/domain behaviors toward both parents and psychological violence toward the mother being more frequent among daughters than sons. Similarly, reactive reasons were more frequent among daughters than sons. Conclusion: This study provides significant psychometric evidence on the CPV-Q in Ecuadorian adolescents along with data on the prevalence of violence against parents.

Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse, are a risk factor for mental health and poor socio-emotional development in adulthood. Assessing these experiences in specific populations allows for the identification of patterns and the implementation of preventive interventions. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the abbreviated version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Abuse Form (ACE-ASF) in Ecuadorian youth, aiming to ensure the validity, reliability, and consistency of the instrument in accurately measuring abuse dimensions in this Ecuadorian population. Methodology: An instrumental study was conducted on the psychometric properties of the eight-item ACE-ASF, applying it to a sample of 840 university students (52.1% females and 47.9% males). The evaluation focused on analyzing the factorial structure and internal consistency of the instrument in this sample. Results: The two-factor model showed a satisfactory fit across all levels of invariance (configural, metric, scalar, and strict), with acceptable fit indices (CFI, TLI, GFI, RMSEA, and SRMR). The internal consistency was adequate, as assessed using the McDonald’s omega and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed using the AVE and HTMT indices, ensuring proper differentiation between the dimensions assessed. Conclusion: The ACE-ASF proved to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing abuse experiences in Ecuadorian youth. Its two-factor structure reflects distinct yet related dimensions, providing a useful tool for identifying adverse childhood experiences in this population.

Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is one of the most frequent but least researched types of family violence. Although CPV has traditionally been limited to the adolescent period, the increasingly later age of emancipation of children in Western countries justifies the need to study CPV in the young population, especially in countries where there are still no studies on this type of violence, such as Italy. Purpose: To analyze the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q) and to examine the frequency and reasons for CPV in a sample of young people from central (75.6%), southern (14.3%), and northern (10%) Italy. Methods: A total of 1,055 young adults (58.7% girls) who continue to live with their parents, aged between 18 to 25 years participated. Results: The original structure of the CPV-Q, its reliability, and validity were confirmed. A high frequency of CPV is found, being more frequent physical violence from sons to fathers and psychological and control-domain behaviors from daughters to both parents. More mothers than fathers experienced CPV, with the most frequent reasons for violence against mothers being related to their children’s compliance with norms and demands and to their temperament, while getting more money was a more frequent reason for violence toward fathers. In general, while sons show more instrumental reasons for CPV, daughters show more reactive reasons. Conclusions: CPV is present among Italian young adults and high proportions, so urgent resources are needed to research this phenomenon in Italy. The CPV-Q can be used to effectively identify and assess CPV in this population, although further studies are needed.