One of the primary challenges regarding chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis is the absence of reliable methods to detect early-stage kidney damage. A metabolomic approach is expected to broaden the current diagnostic modalities by enabling timely detection and making the prognosis more accurate. Analysis performed on urine has several advantages, such as the ease of collection using noninvasive methods and its lower protein and lipid content compared with other bodily fluids. This review highlights current trends in applied analytical methods, major discoveries concerning pathways, and investigated populations in the context of urine metabolomic research for CKD over the past five years. Also, we are presenting approaches, instrument upgrades, and sample preparation modifications that have improved the analytical parameters of methods. The onset of CKD leads to alterations in metabolism that are apparent in the molecular composition of urine. Recent works highlight the prevalence of alterations in the metabolic pathways related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acids. Including diverse patient cohorts, using numerous analytical techniques with modifications and the appropriate annotation and explanation of the discovered biomarkers will help develop effective diagnostic models for different subtypes of renal injury with clinical applications.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a vital and most frequently diagnosed disorder in pediatricrequiring developement and implementation of new diagnostic methods because of failure in detection of early dysplastic changes. Limitation in applying the diagnostic instrumental methods in infants and lack of uniform standards of clinical practice and management results in the increase in treatment cost and duration of rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was the search for new sensitive methods of diagnostics and treatment of DDH and profound study of pathogenic mechanisms. Despite the great attention of international pediatric specialists to the problem of DDH in children, the methods for early diagnostics, prevention of severe forms and complications are not still developed. The current study identifies the molecular mechanisms of DDH pathology and analyses the opportunities of instrumental and non-instrumental methods for its diagnosis. The authors presented the promising biomarkers and cytokines for the diagnosis and prediction of DDH.

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