Tinospora bakis (A.Rich.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has traditionally been used to alleviate headaches, rheumatism, mycetoma, and diabetes, among others. Despite its extensive use, the active components of the plant have never been investigated. In this work, a series of furanoditerpenoids (1–18) and five compounds from other classes (19–23) were isolated from T. bakis. Notably, two new compounds were discovered and named: tinobakisin (1) and tinobakiside (10). Their molecular structures were elucidated with NMR, MS, UV, IR, and ECD spectra. Additionally, known compounds (2–9 and 11–23) were corroboratively identified through spectral comparisons with previously reported data, while highlighting and addressing some inaccuracies in the prior literature. Remarkably, compounds 6, 7, 13, and 17 exhibited a superior anti-glycation effect, outperforming established agents like rutin and quercetin in a lab model of protein glycation with glucose. The overall findings suggest that furanoditerpenoids play a crucial role in the antidiabetic properties of T. bakis. This research marks the first comprehensive phytochemical investigation of T. bakis, opening the door for further investigation into furanoditerpenoids and their biological mechanisms.

The study was aimed to investigate essential oil chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from leaves of Mentha viridis. The oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), to determine the chemical composition of the volatile fraction and identify their chemo-types. The essential oil of M. viridis leaves were tested against four standard bacterial species: two Gram-positive bacteria viz, Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 8236) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), two Gram-negative bacterial strains Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and fungal strains viz, Candida albicans (ATCC 7596) using the agar plate diffusion method. GC-MS analysis revealed that M. viridis was constituted by D-Carvone (64.63%) as a major component followed by D-Limonene (12.27%), (-)-8-p-Menthen- 2-yl, acetate, trans (2.59%), Cyclohexanol, 2-methyl - 5- (1-methylethenyl) (2.36%), Eucalyptol (2.28%), 3-Hexadecyne (1.82%), Caryophyllene (1.72%), Beta–myrcene (1.43%), Trans-Carveyl acetate (1.37%), (-). Beta-Bourbonene (1.08%), and other traces compounds. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of M. viridis dissolved in methanol (1:10), showed high activity against the Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli & P. aeruginosa) (17 & 16 mm). It also showed against Gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis & S. aureus) (16 & 15 mm) and against (C. albicans) (16 mm). This study conducted for essential oil of M. viridis leaves proved to have potent activities against antimicrobial activity in vitro.

Objective. To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic Mangifera indica (M. indica) seed extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)‐induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Methods. Forty‐eight albino rats weighing (100–150 g) were used for hepatoprotective and toxicity experiments. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The toxicity of M. indica seeds on the liver was evaluated by examining wellness parameters, body weight, and liver histological sections. The protective effects of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of seed extract on CCl₄‐induced hepatotoxicity were investigated by evaluating hematological, renal, and liver function parameters, body weight, and liver histological sections. Results. The antioxidant activity of the M. indica ethanolic extract was (92 ± 0.03 RSA %) compared with (91 ± 0.01 RSA %) of propyl gallate, and the IC₅₀ was (8.3 ± 0.01 µg/ml) and (14.1 ± 0.01 µg/ml). No changes were observed in the health indicators, body weights, and liver histological sections following oral administration of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of M. indica seed extracts. Treatment with M. indica seed extract significantly reduced alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood sugar, and urea levels compared with those in the CCl₄‐treated group. Conclusion. The IC₅₀ of the M. indica ethanolic extract was 8.3 µg/ml, and the M. indica extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants that protect against CCl₄‐induced hepatotoxicity.

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the significant role of oxidative stress in chronic diseases, underscores the urgent need to identify novel multifunctional agents from natural sources to combat these issues. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a well-known medicinal plant; however, comprehensive and standardized evaluations of its extracts are limited. This study provides an integrated pharmacological evaluation of an 80% ethanolic extract of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) buds. Phytochemical characterization revealed a rich composition, including high levels of total flavonoids (65.56 ± 0.05 mg QE/g) and phenolics (15.50 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g), along with alkaloids, tannins, and triterpenes content. The extract exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against five standard strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans), with inhibition zones ranging from 12.0 to 16.3 mm at 100 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 390 to 780 µg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) ratios (≤ 4) confirmed a cidal mechanism of action. Activity Index analysis further highlighted its relative efficacy, demonstrating superior activity to erythromycin against E. coli (AI = 1.03) and moderate activity against other pathogens. In the antioxidant assessment, the extract outperformed the standard propyl gallate, showing 91 ± 0.03% DPPH radical scavenging activity and a significantly lower IC₅₀ (6.09 µg/mL vs. 17.39 µg/mL). Preliminary toxicity screening using the brine shrimp lethality assay indicated a favorable safety margin, with an LD₅₀ of 882.97 µg/mL (classified as slightly toxic), which was markedly higher (less toxic) than that of the control drug etoposide (LD₅₀ = 7.46 µg/mL). These findings underscore the potential of clove extract as a multifunctional natural agent against microbial infections and oxidative stress, offering a promising alternative for combating antimicrobial resistance.