Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito residual da adição de pó de rocha basáltica associado ou não a adubação química, sobre os atributos químicos do solo e produtividade da cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (5x2), testando, cinco doses de pó de rocha (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0 Mg ha-1), com ou sem adubação química de NPK na formulação 05-25-06, com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo. Foram avaliadas as características agronômicas de altura final de plantas, altura da inserção do primeiro legume, diâmetro do coleto, peso de 1000 grãos, produtividade da soja e os atributos químicos do solo. A adubação química influenciou os teores dos nutrientes P, K e Mn no solo. Na camada de 0-10 cm houve aumento dos teores de P e K. Na camada de 10-20 cm ocasionou redução no teor de Mn. O residual da aplicação das doses de pó de basalto ocasionou a redução das concentrações foliares de P, Cu, Zn. A adubação química complementar favoreceu a redução da concentração do Mg foliar. Altura de plantas, diâmetro do coleto, peso de grãos e produtividade foram maiores nos tratamentos que receberam a adubação química. A pequena liberação dos nutrientes do pó de basalto indica que tal material não pode ser utilizado como a principal fonte de nutrientes às plantas.

O balanço hídrico climatológico (BHC) é uma das formas de monitorar o armazenamento de água no solo, sendo uma ferramenta essencial no planejamento estratégico agrícola. Deste modo, conhecer a época de maior disponibilidade e a de déficit hídrico torna-se importante para auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre o planejamento agrícola em um determinado local. Contribui para que na fase de planejamento, novas barragens sejam construídas para o armazenamento de água; que os sistemas de irrigação sejam utilizados no momento mais adequado para o atendimento da cultura e permite ainda a preservação de mananciais. Neste contexto foram utilizados dois modelos para a estimativa do balanço hídrico: um proposto por Thornthwaite e Mather e outro por Rosa et al. Dentro do balanço hídrico podem ser realizadas estimativas a nível de bacia hidrográfica e de propriedade rural, controlando-se a disponibilidade de água para as plantas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi abordar os principais conceitos quanto ao estudo do balanço hídrico em diferentes locais, bacias e regiões fisiográficas.

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hoschst) is a winter oilseed crop with yield potential of 1500 kg ha-1. It is indicated for crop rotation systems and tolerates moderate frost. However, crambe presents thermal and water limitations that influence sowing dates since it needs water at blooming and at least 200 mm rainfall until it reaches the flowering stage. This study aimed to assess the performance of a crambe crop in different sowing dates. The experiment was conducted on the experimental farm of Assis Gurgacz College (Faculdade Assis Gurgacz – FAG) Cascavel – Paraná, at an altitude of 700 m, within latitudes 24°56’25.39” S and 24°56’45.39” S and longitudes 53°30'9.89" W and 53°31'17.01" W. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three sowing dates (April, June and July) and five replications. Phenometric parameters such as plant height, dry mass, plants per meter, grain yield and mass of 1000 grains were assessed and data were subjected to Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Phenometric variables were influenced by sowing dates. Degree days and rainfall influenced the results. April has proven to be the best month for sowing. Key words: Winter oilseed crop, cycle, development, production, Crambe abyssinica Hoschst. Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hoschst) is a winter oilseed crop with yield potential of 1500 kg ha-1. It is indicated for crop rotation systems and tolerates moderate frost. However, crambe presents thermal and water limitations that influence sowing dates since it needs water at blooming and at least 200 mm rainfall until it reaches the flowering stage. This study aimed to assess the performance of a crambe crop in different sowing dates. The experiment was conducted on the experimental farm of Assis Gurgacz College (Faculdade Assis Gurgacz – FAG) Cascavel – Paraná, at an altitude of 700 m, within latitudes 24°56’25.39” S and 24°56’45.39” S and longitudes 53°30'9.89" W and 53°31'17.01" W. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three sowing dates (April, June and July) and five replications. Phenometric parameters such as plant height, dry mass, plants per meter, grain yield and mass of 1000 grains were assessed and data were subjected to Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Phenometric variables were influenced by sowing dates. Degree days and rainfall influenced the results. April has proven to be the best month for sowing. Key words: Winter oilseed crop, cycle, development, production, Crambe abyssinica Hoschst.

Given the great energy demand to meet the needs of modern society, it is essential that new alternatives to replace fossil diesel are studied. And biodiesel is an alternative that has been gaining prominence on the world stage, mainly with the use of vegetable oils with a high lipid content, such as Pachira aquatica Aubl, also known as munguba. Given the above, the objective of this work was to extract the oil from the seeds of Pachira aquatica, evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the oil and define the best conditions for catalytic mixing with temperature variation in the production of biodiesel from the oil obtained. Thus, the acidity index, saponification, refraction, peroxide, water content and fatty acid profile of the oil were evaluated. Fourteen treatments of biodiesel produced with different amounts of sulfuric acid and temperature were evaluated. They were analyzed for water content, specific mass, kinematic viscosity at 40 ºC, refractive index and ester content. It was found that the lipid content of Pachira aquatica seeds was 42.19% and its physical chemistry analysis showed that it can be used in the production of biofuels. There was a greater presence of saturated fatty acids, with a predominance of palmitic acid with 81.95%. Biodiesel produced from oil, on the other hand, showed higher production of esters in relation to the volume used at temperatures of 60 ºC and 0.6 mL of sulfuric acid, and that its properties showed that the plant can be a possible alternative for the production of biodiesel.

This work aimed to determine the solar energy available in different inclinations and orientations of roofs of buildings in the four seasons, using data of Global Solar Irradiation in the horizontal plane, temperatures, and wind speed. The inclined hourly solar irradiation and the energy generated by photovoltaic systems of different capacities installed in Cascavel-PR were simulated, with different orientations and inclinations and types of roofs (ceramic, fiber cement and metal). SWERA (Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment) daily global solar irradiation and wind velocity data were used to simulate daily inclined global solar irradiation in PVSyst software. Thus, also with the help of the software, the energy generated by photovoltaic systems of different capacities installed in Cascavel - PR, with different orientations and inclinations of roofs was determined. Consequently, the levels of losses in different seasons of the year were calculated and an analysis of the economic viability of the undertakings was made. Thus, the losses, profits and income of the systems were compared. Solar panels installed in northern oriented ceramic roofs provide better energy production performance throughout the year compared to metallic roofs and fibrocement. However, for the other orientations (South, East and West), the losses for ceramic roofs were twice as high as the metallic and fibrocement roofs in relation to their respective northern orientated slopes. Regarding orientation, roofs oriented to the North receive more Irradiation annually and therefore produce more energy. Then there is East, West and South as the most unfavorable condition.