Electrification is considered an optimal long-term solution for the decarbonization of the transport sector. However, in the medium period, propulsion systems will continue to dominate urban mobility, thus requiring the shift from fossil fuels toward low carbon fuels. In this regard, the request from the EU to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 is encouraging the use of innovative fuels and powertrains. Alcohols such as ethanol and methanol are particularly suitable for spark ignition engines. This paper investigates the effect of ethanol/methanol blends on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged direct injection spark ignition engine running on the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle. Three blends were considered, consisting of 10% v/v ethanol (E10), 25% v/v ethanol (E25) and 5% v/v ethanol with 15% v/v methanol (E5M15). Gaseous and particle emissions were measured at the exhaust. The main novelty of the study regards the investigation of the behavior of alcohol blends, especially those based on methanol, in transient conditions. It was found that CO, THC and NO_x emissions decrease with the increase in alcohol content in the blend, with different contributions in the different phases of the cycle. Particle emissions decrease for E10 and even more so for E25. When methanol is added to the blend, particle emissions increase with respect to E25 and they are characterized by a larger diameter.

The urgent need to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions has accelerated the search for sustainable and scalable energy carriers. Among the different alternatives, ammonia stands out as a promising carbon-free fuel, thanks to its high energy density, efficient storage, and compatibility with existing infrastructure. Moreover, it can be produced through sustainable, green processes. However, its application in internal combustion engines is limited by several challenges, including low reactivity, narrow flammability limits, and high ignition energy. These factors can compromise combustion efficiency and contribute to increased unburned ammonia emissions. To address these limitations, hydrogen has emerged as a complementary fuel in dual-fuel configurations with ammonia. Hydrogen’s high reactivity enhances flame stability, ignition characteristics, and combustion efficiency while reducing emissions of unburned ammonia. This review examines the current status of dual-fuel ammonia and hydrogen combustion strategies in internal combustion engines and summarizes the experimental results. It highlights the potential of dual-fuel systems to optimize engine performance and minimize emissions. It identifies key challenges, knowledge gaps, and future research directions to support the development and widespread adoption of ammonia–hydrogen dual-fuel technologies.

This study explores the potentiality of low/zero carbon fuels such as methanol, methane and hydrogen for motor applications to pursue the goal of energy security and environmental sustainability. An experimental investigation was performed on a spark ignition engine equipped with both a port fuel and a direct injection system. Liquid fuels were injected into the intake manifold to benefit from a homogeneous charge formation. Gaseous fuels were injected in direct mode to enhance the efficiency and prevent abnormal combustion. Tests were realized at a fixed indicated mean effective pressure and at three different engine speeds. The experimental results highlighted the reduction of CO and CO₂ emissions for the alternative fuels to an extent depending on their properties. Methanol exhibited high THC and low NO_x emissions compared to gasoline. Methane and, even more so, hydrogen, allowed for a reduction in THC emissions. With regard to the impact of gaseous fuels on the NO_x emissions, this was strongly related to the operating conditions. A surprising result concerns the particle emissions that were affected not only by the fuel characteristics and the engine test point but also by the lubricating oil. The oil contribution was particularly evident for hydrogen fuel, which showed high particle emissions, although they did not contain carbon atoms.