Electrocoagulation technique using aluminum electrodes in a batch bi-polar system was investigated to determine the efficiency of removing oil from oily wastewater. The Box–Behnken design was utilized to optimize conditions and the effects of four independent factors, including oil volume (X₁), temperature (X₂), initial pH (X₃), and treatment time (X₄),—were examined to investigate turbidity recovery and conductivity changes. The significant independent variables and their interactions were assessed using ANOVA. The optimal operating conditions for turbidity removal were obtained at an oil volume of 10 ml L⁻¹, a temperature of 28 °C, an initial pH of 4, and a coagulation time of 90 min. The results revealed that turbidity removal and conductivity changes are enhanced significantly with increasing treatment time and decreasing oil volume. The application of the treatment process under optimal operating conditions allows promising removal efficiencies of 97.3%, and 73.4% for turbidity and conductivity, respectively. Also, the treated wastewater showed remarkable changes in removal efficiencies of the main oily wastewater pollution loads for COD, NO₂, PO₄, DO, and BOD. The economic study indicated that oily wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation is a very cost-effective technique.

The surface sediments from eleven sectors perpendicular to the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea coast, along the delta region, have been assessed. These sectors cover areas of Eastern Harbour, Abu Qir Bay, Rosetta, Abo Khashaba, Burullus, Baltim, Damietta, and Manzala. The assessment process is based on determining the eight metals’ (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, and Cd) content, followed by applying different pollution and ecological risk indices such as enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation factor (I_geo), contamination factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), degree of contamination (C_deg.), Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The results indicate the average concentrations of metals (μg/g) were Fe (18,000), Mn (213), Zn (120), Ni (26), Co (13), Cu (12), Pb (10), and Cd (2). The single-pollution indices reveal that most metals were depleted to metal levels, the sediments were moderately polluted with Cd and unpolluted with other metals, and the CF values confirmed that the sediments were highly polluted with Cd and low contaminated with the rest of the metals. According to the integrated pollution indices, the Eastern Harbour, Damietta, Manzalah, and Bardawil (eastern Inlet) are the most polluted sectors relative to the rest, subjected to various point sources of pollution. Drainage management system is recommended to enhance water conservation and improve fish stocks.

Efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions is crucial for addressing environmental pollution. This study investigates the potential of Melamine-maleic acid polyamide adduct/polyacrylonitrile (ME-MA amide polymer/PAN) nanofibers as a novel adsorbent for MB dye removal. Characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed surface morphology changes, with fiber diameters ranging from 1 to 3 μm. Thermal stability analysis demonstrated enhanced stability for ME-MA/PAN compared to pure PAN fibers. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, amide, and thiol groups on the nanoparticle surface, covalently attached to the nanofiber surface. Through electrospinning, ME-MA/PAN composites were synthesized, showing promising capabilities for dye removal. Optimal conditions were observed at pH 12 and a ME-MA PAN dose of 0.02 g. MB removal efficiency increased with higher initial dye concentrations, peaking at 30 mg/L, and higher temperatures up to 40°C. Adsorption isotherm models indicated Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q_m) of 111.10 mg g⁻¹ and a separation factor (R_L) of 0.297, with Freundlich constants (1/n) and K_F values of 0.418 and 22.9, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies revealed favorable conditions for MB dye removal, validating ME-MA amide polymer/PAN nanofiber composites as environmentally friendly and effective materials for eliminating toxic MB dye from aqueous solutions. This research highlights the potential of ME-MA/PAN nanofibers in addressing dye pollution, suggesting their application in wastewater treatment for sustainable environmental management. Further investigation into regeneration methods and scalability is recommended for practical implementation in real-world scenarios.

Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken (BB) statistical experiment design were developed to study the optimization of oily wastewater treatment using Sargassum latifolium. The characterization of the Sargassum latifolium was studied using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption/ desorption, and Raman techniques. These studies demonstrated the importance of various functional groups such as carbonyl, amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl on the adsorption mechanism. The specific surface area of S. latifolium was 111.65m2/ g. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the interaction of S. latifolium with oil led to the development of flake-like deposits on its surface, causing the surface to become uneven. Four process-independent parameters, including contact time, oil volume, adsorbent dosage, and pH were optimized for the best response of crude oil adsorption using Box–Behnken design. The output was summarized for an additional ANOVA analysis. Optimization conditions for crude oil adsorption onto Sargassum Latifolium were found to be at an adsorbent dose of 0.13g, oil volume of 24.29ml, time of 57.44 minutes, and initial pH of 9.54. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to apply equilibrium analysis. The results suggest that the Langmuir model better fits the experimental data compared to the Freundlich model. The experimental results showed that the crude oil adsorption capacity onto Sargassum latifolium was 45.87gm under ideal conditions, which was somewhat lower than the RSM model's value of 46.14gm.