Biofilm merupakan suatu kumpulan mikroorganisme yang melekat pada suatu permukaan dan membentuk matriks Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) yang menyebabkan bakteri dapat bertahan dari suatu kondisi lingkungan. Daun bandotan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang kuat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas penghambatan biofilm ekstrak daun bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes. Sampel dimaserasi dengan etanol 96% kemudian dipekatkan menggunakan rotary evaporator. Selanjutnya uji skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibiofilm metode microtiter plate menggunakan ELISA reader. Hasil penelitian ekstrak daun bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder alkaloid, flavanoid, fenolik, tanin, terpenoid dan saponin. Berdasarkan uji aktivitas antibiofilm terhadap bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes dengan konsentrasi 6,25%, 12,5%, dan 25% menunjukkan %penghambatan pembentukan biofilm pada konsentrasi berturut-turut sebesar 53,68%, 71,57% dan 78,70%; dan mendegradasi biofilm yang telah terbentuk pada konsentrasi yang sama berturut-turut sebesar 55,06%, 73,54%, 78,80%. Sehingga disimpulkan ekstrak daun bandotan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan mendegradasi biofilm yang telah terbentuk pada bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a botanical candidate for pain management with potentially reduced opioid-related risks, partly through modulation of neuroimmune pathways involving Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4). This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of kratom ethanol extract and evaluate its effects on TLR4 signalling, neuroinflammatory cytokines, analgesic activity, withdrawal behaviours, and organ safety in morphine-dependent mice. Metabolite profiling was conducted using UHPLC–Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS, followed by molecular docking of major constituents to the TLR4 complex. In vivo assessments included flow cytometry and gene expression analyses of TLR4-mediated cytokines (NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6), behavioural assays for antinociception, endurance, and withdrawal symptoms, and histopathological and biochemical evaluation of liver, kidney, and spleen tissues. More than 100 metabolites were identified, including mitragynine and flavonoids such as rutin and isoquercetin, which showed interactions with key TLR4 residues. Selected fractions suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, increased tail-pinch latency comparable to morphine, reduced withdrawal manifestations, and demonstrated nephroprotective and immunomodulatory effects, although mild reversible hepatic alterations were observed in specific fractions. Overall, kratom ethanol extract exhibited fraction-dependent analgesic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities associated with TLR4 modulation, supporting its potential as a botanical analgesic candidate while emphasizing the importance of safety optimization and standardized fraction development.

Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli), a medicinal plant traditionally used in Indonesia, is gaining scientific attention for its potential pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of P. cablin ethanolic leaf extract specifically sourced from North Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. To evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity, two in vitro models were used: the protein denaturation inhibition assay, simulating inflammatory protein response, and the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, which mimics lysosomal membrane stability in inflamed tissues. The extract showed significant, dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, with an IC50 value of 62.98 µg/mL. In the HRBC assay, the extract demonstrated membrane stabilization activity with a maximum inhibition of 64.24% at the highest tested concentration (100 µg/mL). The cytotoxic potential was assessed using the MTT assay on MCF-7 hormone-responsive breast cancer cells. The extract exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity, with an IC50 value of 91.56 ± 1.31 µg/mL, indicating its effectiveness in inhibiting breast cancer cell growth. These findings highlight P. cablin from North Konawe as a promising natural source of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents, with the potential to contribute to the development of plant-based therapeutics. However, this study is limited to in vitro analyses; further investigations are needed to isolate active compounds and confirm efficacy through in vivo and mechanistic studies.