Nowadays, heterogeneous CPU-GPU systems have become ubiquitous, but current parallel spatial interpolation (SI) algorithms exploit only one type of processing unit, and thus result in a waste of parallel resources. To address this problem, a hybrid parallel SI algorithm based on a thin plate spline is proposed to integrate both the CPU and GPU to further accelerate the processing of massive LiDAR point clouds. A simple yet powerful parallel framework is designed to enable simultaneous CPU-GPU interpolation, and a fast online training method is then presented to estimate the optimal decomposition granularity so that both types of processing units can run at maximum speed. Based on the optimal granularity, massive point clouds are continuously partitioned into a collection of discrete blocks in a data processing flow. A heterogeneous dynamic scheduler based on the greedy policy is also proposed to achieve better workload balancing. Experimental results demonstrate that the computing power of the CPU and GPU is fully utilized under conditions of optimal granularity, and the hybrid parallel SI algorithm achieves a significant performance boost when compared with the CPU-only and GPU-only algorithms. For example, the hybrid algorithm achieved a speedup of 20.2 on one of the experimental point clouds, while the corresponding speedups of using a CPU or a GPU alone were 8.7 and 12.6, respectively. The interpolation time was reduced by about 12% when using the proposed scheduler, in comparison with other common scheduling strategies.

Urban road transport and land use (RTLU) jointly promote economic development by concentrating labor, material, and capital. This paper presents an integrated RTLU efficiency analysis that explores the degree of coordination between these two systems to provide guidance for future adaptations necessary for sustainable urban development. Both a super efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model and window analysis were used to spatiotemporally evaluate RTLU efficiency from 2012 to 2016 in 14 cities of Hunan province, central China. The Malmquist index was decomposed into technical efficiency and technology change to reveal reasons for changes in RTLU efficiency. These evaluation results show regional disparities in efficiency across Hunan province, with western cities being the least efficient. Eight cities showed an increasing trend in RTLU efficiency while Yueyang exhibited a decreasing trend. In 13 of 14 regions, productivity improved every year. At the same time, five regions had a decline in technical efficiency even though technical progress increased in all regions. Our analysis shows that greater investment in road transport and urban construction are not enough to ensure sustainable urban growth. Policy must instead promote the full use of current resources according to local conditions to meet local, regional, and national development goals.