Pneumatic separation is one of the available methods for cleaning seed mixtures. Variously shaped seeds, including spherical (vetch), elongated (wheat), and pyramid-shaped seeds (buckwheat), were analyzed in this study. A seed mixture containing 80% of main crop seeds and 20% of other crop seeds imitating impurities was separated in a pneumatic separator with the shape of an inverted cone in a stream of air. The regression equations describing the separation efficiency of the main crop seeds and other crop seeds imitating impurities (η) and the separation efficiency index (ε) were characterized by high and very high fit to empirical data. The coefficient of determination for the analyzed seed mixtures ranged from 0.71 to 0.99. The conical separator supported effective separation of seed mixture components in a stream of air.

The seeds of grass pea were selected based on their size, hardness, and microstructure in order to examine their mechanical properties and friction coefficients versus mass. The size, shape, mass, and static friction coefficients of seeds were determined using adequate methods. Seed hardness was measured using compression methods, and it was described by typical and corrected fracture parameters. The microstructure of cotyledons and seed surfaces was viewed using scanning electron microscopy, and surface microimages were processed by digital image analysis. The length of the examined seeds ranged from 5.86 mm to 14.25 mm, their width ranged from 5.47 mm to 12.93 mm, thickness from 4.59 mm to 6.21 mm, mass from 0.110 g to 0.570 g, projected area from 28.55 mm² to 148.73 mm², and roundness from 1.060 to 1.126. The static friction coefficients for seeds of the examined accessions and varieties determined on steel, wood, rubber, and PVC surfaces were 23.4–33.3°, 24.4–37.2°, 29.6–50.4°, and 22.4–35.4°, respectively. For grass pea seeds of irregular size and shape, corrected fracture energy values (with regard to seed mass and volume) were proposed as a more robust parameter of seed hardness. The values of the static friction coefficient depend on both seed mass and the microstructural properties of seed surface digitalized with the involvement of image analysis techniques.

The separation parameters and the indicators of separation efficiency for buckwheat seeds and impurities that are difficult to separate were optimized with the use of self-designed software based on genetic algorithms. The results of the calculations differed significantly from the suboptimal values determined in previous studies. The optimal values of the indicator of separation efficiency were higher; whereas the values of the indicator of buckwheat seed loss were significantly lower. The optimal working parameters for a seed separator in order to promote separation efficiency were determined.

The aim of the study was to evaluate anthropometric characteristics as determinants of 500 m rowing ergometer performance in physically inactive collegiate females. In this cross-sectional study, which included 196 collegiate females aged 19-23 years not participating in regular physical activities, body mass (BM), body height (BH), length of upper limbs (LA), length of lower limbs (LL), body mass index (BMI), slenderness index (SI), and the Choszcz-Podstawski index (CPI) were measured and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Participants performed 500 m maximal effort on a Concept II rowing ergometer. BM, BH, LA, LL, and the BMI, SI and CPI indices were found to be statistically significant determinants of 500 m performance. The best results (T) were achieved by females whose BH ranged from 170 to 180 cm, with LA and LL ranging from 75 to 80 cm and 85 to 90 cm, respectively. The best fitting statistical model was identified as: T = 11.6793 LR - 0.1130 LR (2) - 0.0589 LN (2) + 29.2157 CPI(2) + 0.1370 LR·LN - 2.6926 LR·CPI - 211.7796. This study supports a need for additional studies focusing on understanding the importance of anthropometric differences in rowing ergometer performance, which could lead to establishing a better quality reference for evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness tested using a rowing ergometer in collegiate females.

A spelt dehuller with an innovative structural design is described in the study. In the developed solution, spelt kernels are separated by the mechanical impact of friction in a wire mesh cylinder with 4 × 4 mm openings. The dehuller is powered by a motor with a rotating impeller with an adjustable blade angle. In the experimental part of the study, spelt kernels are dehulled at five rotational speeds of the shaft: 160 to 400 rpm at intervals of 60 rpm, and five rotor blade angles: 50° to 90° at intervals of 10°. The efficiency of spelt dehulling (removal of glumes and glumelles) is evaluated based on kernel separation efficiency, husk separation efficiency, and the proportion of damaged kernels.

The aim of this study was to measure the physical attributes of seeds of selected lilac species and to describe the correlations between these properties and seed mass for seed processing and treatment. Basic physical parameters were measured in the seeds of five lilac species and the results were used to calculate aspect ratios describing seed shape and size. The average values of the measured properties ranged from 3.57 to 5.98 m s⁻¹ for terminal velocity, from 6.20 to 9.61 mm for seed length, from 2.19 to 3.94 mm for seed width, from 0.85 to 1.21 mm for seed thickness, from 5.9 to 19.2 mg for seed mass, and from 32° to 44° for the angle of external friction. Seed mass was bound by the strongest correlations with terminal velocity (Amur lilac, Hungarian lilac, and Pekin lilac), thickness (broadleaf lilac), and width (Japanese tree lilac). Seed thickness followed by terminal velocity were the primary distinguishing features of lilac seeds. Therefore, lilac seeds should be sorted with the use of sieve separators with longitudinal openings or pneumatic separators. These devices effectively sort lilac seeds into fractions with uniform seed mass, which can facilitate the propagation of lilacs in nurseries and the production of high-quality seedlings, thus promoting the sustainable use of natural resources and production materials. In medium-sized and large seed fractions, the coefficient of variation of seed mass can be decreased by up to 50% relative to unsorted seeds.