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Prof. Zdzisław Kaliniewicz
Department of Heavy Duty Machines and Research Methodology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Scientific Reports
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The relationships between the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spindle species were evaluated for the needs of seed sorting operations. Physical properties were measured in the seeds of five spindle species, and the presence of relationships between these attributes was determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 9.2 to 10.3 m s−1, thickness—from 2.57 to 3.26 mm, width—from 2.87 to 3.74 mm, length—from 3.94 to 5.52 mm, angle of external friction—from 20.7° to 24.6°, mass—from 16.5 to 33.8 mg. Spindle seeds were arranged in the following ascending order based on their geometric mean diameter: winged spindle, Hamilton’s spindle, large-winged spindle, broadleaf spindle and European spindle. Spindle seeds should be separated in a sieve equipped with at least two mesh screens with slotted apertures. Depending on the processed spindle species, aperture size should range from ≠ 2.7 to ≠ 3.5 mm in the top screen, and from ≠ 2.4 to ≠ 3.0 mm in the bottom screen.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Andrzej Anders; Piotr Markowski; Paweł Tylek; Danuta Owoc. Analysis of the physical properties of spindle seeds for seed sorting operations. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Andrzej Anders, Piotr Markowski, Paweł Tylek, Danuta Owoc. Analysis of the physical properties of spindle seeds for seed sorting operations. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Andrzej Anders; Piotr Markowski; Paweł Tylek; Danuta Owoc. 2021. "Analysis of the physical properties of spindle seeds for seed sorting operations." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2021 in Processes
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Viburnum is a genus of colorful and ornamental plants popular in landscape design on account of their high esthetic appeal. The physical properties of viburnum seeds have not been investigated in the literature to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the seeds of selected Viburnum species and to search for potential relationships between their physical attributes for the needs of seed sorting operations. The basic physical parameters of the seeds of six Viburnum species were measured, and the relationships between these attributes were determined in correlation and regression analyses. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—from 5.6 to 7.9 m s−1, thickness—from 1.39 to 1.87 mm, width—from 3.59 to 6.33 mm, length—from 5.58 to 7.44 mm, angle of external friction—from 36.7 to 43.8°, mass—from 16.7 to 35.0 mg. The seeds of V. dasyanthum, V. lentago and V. sargentii should be sorted in air separators, and the seeds of V. lantana and V. opulus should be processed with the use of mesh screens with round apertures to obtain uniform size fractions. The seeds of V. rhytodophyllum cannot be effectively sorted into batches with uniform seed mass, but they can be separated into groups with similar dimensions.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Dariusz Choszcz. Analysis of the Physical Properties of Seeds of Selected Viburnum Species for the Needs of Seed Sorting Operations. Processes 2021, 9, 711 .

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Dariusz Choszcz. Analysis of the Physical Properties of Seeds of Selected Viburnum Species for the Needs of Seed Sorting Operations. Processes. 2021; 9 (4):711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Dariusz Choszcz. 2021. "Analysis of the Physical Properties of Seeds of Selected Viburnum Species for the Needs of Seed Sorting Operations." Processes 9, no. 4: 711.

Research article
Published: 15 November 2020 in International Journal of Food Science
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the friction plate hardness and surface orientation of a friction plate on the angle and coefficient of static friction of cereal kernels. The angle of static friction of kernels representing four major cereal species was measured on six friction plates with different hardness. The friction plates were placed in position where their surface orientation was perpendicular or parallel relative to their inclination tilt. The experimental material comprised the so-called flat seed units, where each unit consisted of three spaced kernels. The angle of static friction of every flat seed unit was measured with a dedicated device in three replications, and average values of that angle were calculated. The kernels’ angle of static friction varied considerably from 13° to 33° within the analyzed range of changes in the surface characteristics of friction plates. The average angle of static friction was influenced mainly by the surface orientation of the friction plate that came into contact with cereal kernels. The angle of static friction was 17.5% to 56.5% higher when the friction plate had perpendicular rather than parallel surface orientation. The frictional properties of kernels were less influenced by plate hardness, and clear relationships were not observed in this respect. The kernels’ coefficient of static friction remained fairly constant within the analyzed range of plate hardness values, and it was estimated at 0.4 on plates with a perpendicular surface orientation and at 0.3 on plates with a parallel surface orientation.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Stanisław Konopka; Adam Frączyk; Zbigniew Krzysiak. Effects of Friction Plate Hardness and Surface Orientation on the Frictional Properties of Cereal Grain. International Journal of Food Science 2020, 2020, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Zbigniew Żuk, Stanisław Konopka, Adam Frączyk, Zbigniew Krzysiak. Effects of Friction Plate Hardness and Surface Orientation on the Frictional Properties of Cereal Grain. International Journal of Food Science. 2020; 2020 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Stanisław Konopka; Adam Frączyk; Zbigniew Krzysiak. 2020. "Effects of Friction Plate Hardness and Surface Orientation on the Frictional Properties of Cereal Grain." International Journal of Food Science 2020, no. : 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in BioResources
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The basic physical properties of hemp seeds were measured to determine the correlations between these properties to facilitate the planning of seed sorting operations. The basic dimensions (length, width, and thickness), terminal velocity, angle of external friction, and mass were determined in the selected seeds. The seeds were subjected to a uniaxial compressive strength test to determine the force required to damage a seed, the corresponding displacement, and the energy consumed during the trial. The seed sorting was based on the basic dimensions of the seeds in order to divide the seeds into groups with similar average mass. The hemp seeds were most effectively sorted with the use of a screen with slotted apertures. The optimal set of screens should separate approximately 11% to 24% of the seeds into a fraction with the lowest seed thickness, and approximately 16% to 21% of the seeds into a fraction with the highest seed thickness. The basic seed dimensions significantly influenced the specific mass of the individual hemp seeds, and the corresponding correlations are most effectively described by power functions.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Adam Lipiński. Selected physical and mechanical properties of hemp seeds. BioResources 2020, 16, 1 .

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Zbigniew Żuk, Adam Lipiński. Selected physical and mechanical properties of hemp seeds. BioResources. 2020; 16 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Adam Lipiński. 2020. "Selected physical and mechanical properties of hemp seeds." BioResources 16, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2020 in Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST)
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Information about the physical properties of berries of selected dogwood species is available in the literature, but the basic physical traits of berry seeds have not been investigated to date. In this study, the terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, angle of external friction and mass of seeds of 11 dogwood species were measured. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio and sphericity index of each seed. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following range: terminal velocity - from 9.95 to 13.15 m s-1, thickness - from 3.31 to 5.02 mm, width - from 4.14 to 5.38 mm, length - from 4.33 to 11.55 mm, angle of external friction - from 9.97 to 29.85 ºC, mass - from 33.06 to 175.51 mg. The analyzed dogwood species were arranged in the following ascending order based on the geometric mean diameter of their seeds: Cornus macrophylla, Cornus alba, Cornus amonum, Cornus kousa, Cornus obliqua, Cornus controversa, Cornus walteri, Cornus sanguinea, Cornus florida, Cornus officinalis and Cornus mas. The seeds of Cornus alba, Cornus controversa, Cornus florida, Cornus kousa, Cornus macrophylla, Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis could be sorted with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings, the seeds of Cornus macrophylla, Cornus sanguinea and Cornus walteri - with the use of mesh sieves with round openings, and the seeds of Cornus alba, Cornus macrophylla and Cornus obliqua - with the use of cylindrical graders.

ACS Style

Zdzisław KALINIEWICZ. Variation and Correlation between the Physical Properties of Dogwood Seeds. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 2020, 17, 1252 -1265.

AMA Style

Zdzisław KALINIEWICZ. Variation and Correlation between the Physical Properties of Dogwood Seeds. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST). 2020; 17 (11):1252-1265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław KALINIEWICZ. 2020. "Variation and Correlation between the Physical Properties of Dogwood Seeds." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 11: 1252-1265.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Chilean journal of agricultural research
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Plant morphology is affected by plant density and uniformity of plant distribution per unit area. This study investigates the effect of seeding rate of two hybrid cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) harvested for silage on selected physical parameters (stem length, stem diameter, total plant weight and weight of ears with husks), fresh weight yield and ear yield of maize plants. A field experiment was carried out in 2011-2013 on soil of weak rye complex (‘Kosmo’) and a good rye complex (‘Kixxo’). Results were processed by one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis and regression analysis. At constant 0.75 m inter-row spacing, seeding rate (6.5 to 11.9 seeds m-2 for ‘Kosmo’ and 8 to 12 seeds m-2 for ‘Kixxo’) significantly (α = 0.05) influenced evaluated parameters. Higher plant density lowered the weight of plants and ears, and resulted in lower stem diameter. An increase in seeding rate led to a decrease in stem diameter measured at 50, 100 and 150 cm above ground (by ca. 11% to 23% in ‘Kosmo’, and by ca. 3% to 13% in ‘Kixxo’), and an increase in stem length (by 10% to 13% in ‘Kosmo’, and by ca. 8% in ‘Kixxo’). Plants grown with lower seeding rates were larger and heavier. The developed equations are characterized by a good and very good fit to empirical data (multiple correlation coefficient ranged from 0.62 to 0.94 in ‘Kosmo’, and from 0.76 to 0.95 in ‘Kixxo’). This knowledge of the morphological traits of maize is useful to optimize operating parameters of harvesting machines.

ACS Style

Andrzej Anders; Piotr Markowski; Stanislaw Konopka; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Adam Józef Lipinski; Dariusz Jan Choszcz. Effect of seeding rate on selected physical parameters and biomass yield of maize. Chilean journal of agricultural research 2020, 80, 171 -180.

AMA Style

Andrzej Anders, Piotr Markowski, Stanislaw Konopka, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Adam Józef Lipinski, Dariusz Jan Choszcz. Effect of seeding rate on selected physical parameters and biomass yield of maize. Chilean journal of agricultural research. 2020; 80 (2):171-180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Anders; Piotr Markowski; Stanislaw Konopka; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Adam Józef Lipinski; Dariusz Jan Choszcz. 2020. "Effect of seeding rate on selected physical parameters and biomass yield of maize." Chilean journal of agricultural research 80, no. 2: 171-180.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2020 in Processes
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The article presents some of the research on the wider work related to testing and improving a new rotary cleaning device. The new cereal grain cleaning and separation device can support the development of sustainable agriculture in terms of seed purity and quality. This device is especially useful for small and medium-sized farms. This device has the characteristics of a multi-stage screen aided by an air stream (i.e., by pneumoseparation). The prototype was constructed at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The research was conducted at a test stand, which allowed changes in the operating parameters of the cleaner and their measurement. The scope of the tests included determining the influence of the inclination angle of the sieve unit (α) on the effectiveness and efficiency of oat grain cleaning. The experiment was carried out using two rotational spindle speeds: 5 and 75 rpm. The quality of the separation and cleaning of oat grains was evaluated using six cleaning process parameters: plump grain mass separation coefficient (Spg), fine grain separation coefficient (Sfg), fine impurities separation coefficient (Sfi), chaff separation coefficient (Sch), total coefficient of cleaning effectiveness (E), plump grain cleaning efficiency (qpg). Results showed the significant effect of the sieve drum inclination angle on the efficiency and effectiveness of oat grain cleaning.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Krzysiak; Waldemar Samociuk; Janusz Zarajczyk; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Daniel Pieniak; Marcin Bogucki. Analysis of the Sieve Unit Inclination Angle in the Cleaning Process of Oat Grain in a Rotary Cleaning Device. Processes 2020, 8, 346 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Krzysiak, Waldemar Samociuk, Janusz Zarajczyk, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Daniel Pieniak, Marcin Bogucki. Analysis of the Sieve Unit Inclination Angle in the Cleaning Process of Oat Grain in a Rotary Cleaning Device. Processes. 2020; 8 (3):346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Krzysiak; Waldemar Samociuk; Janusz Zarajczyk; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Daniel Pieniak; Marcin Bogucki. 2020. "Analysis of the Sieve Unit Inclination Angle in the Cleaning Process of Oat Grain in a Rotary Cleaning Device." Processes 8, no. 3: 346.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Transactions of the ASABE
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Highlights Cleaning cereal grain after harvest is very important for the quality of the product. Technological progress enables the design of new equipment for cleaning cereal grain. Grain segregation allows selecting the best grain to increase yields. The quality of segregation depends on the technological parameters of the device. This article presents the results of laboratory tests of a new rotary cleaning device used for the separation and cleaning of barley grain. This device has the characteristics of a multi-stage screen assisted by an air stream (i.e., pneumo-separation). The prototype was constructed at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. The tests were conducted on a test stand, which allowed changes in the operating parameters of the cleaning device and their measurement. The tests included determining the influence of the sieve drum inclination angle (a) on the effectiveness and efficiency of barley grain cleaning. The tests were carried out using two drum rotational speeds: 5 rpm and 75 rpm. The quality of the separation and cleaning of barley grain was evaluated using six cleaning process parameters: plump grain separation coefficient (Spg), fine grain separation coefficient (Sfg), fine impurities separation coefficient (Sfi), chaff separation coefficient (Sch), total coefficient of cleaning effectiveness (E), and plump grain cleaning efficiency (qpg). The results showed significant effects of the sieve drum inclination angle on the efficiency and effectiveness of barley grain cleaning. Keywords: Barley grain, Conical sieve, Grain separation, Rotary cleaning device.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Krzysiak; Waldemar Samociuk; Janusz Zarajczyk; Karolina Beer-Lech; Grzegorz Bartnik; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Dariusz Dziki. Effect of Sieve Unit Inclination Angle in a Rotary Cleaning Device for Barley Grain. Transactions of the ASABE 2020, 63, 609 -618.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Krzysiak, Waldemar Samociuk, Janusz Zarajczyk, Karolina Beer-Lech, Grzegorz Bartnik, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Dariusz Dziki. Effect of Sieve Unit Inclination Angle in a Rotary Cleaning Device for Barley Grain. Transactions of the ASABE. 2020; 63 (3):609-618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Krzysiak; Waldemar Samociuk; Janusz Zarajczyk; Karolina Beer-Lech; Grzegorz Bartnik; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Dariusz Dziki. 2020. "Effect of Sieve Unit Inclination Angle in a Rotary Cleaning Device for Barley Grain." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 3: 609-618.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Sustainability
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A spelt dehuller with an innovative structural design is described in the study. In the developed solution, spelt kernels are separated by the mechanical impact of friction in a wire mesh cylinder with 4 × 4 mm openings. The dehuller is powered by a motor with a rotating impeller with an adjustable blade angle. In the experimental part of the study, spelt kernels are dehulled at five rotational speeds of the shaft: 160 to 400 rpm at intervals of 60 rpm, and five rotor blade angles: 50° to 90° at intervals of 10°. The efficiency of spelt dehulling (removal of glumes and glumelles) is evaluated based on kernel separation efficiency, husk separation efficiency, and the proportion of damaged kernels.

ACS Style

Andrzej Anders; Ewelina Kolankowska; Dariusz Jan Choszcz; Stanisław Konopka; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz. The Effect of Selected Parameters on Spelt Dehulling in a Wire Mesh Cylinder. Sustainability 2019, 12, 43 .

AMA Style

Andrzej Anders, Ewelina Kolankowska, Dariusz Jan Choszcz, Stanisław Konopka, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz. The Effect of Selected Parameters on Spelt Dehulling in a Wire Mesh Cylinder. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Anders; Ewelina Kolankowska; Dariusz Jan Choszcz; Stanisław Konopka; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz. 2019. "The Effect of Selected Parameters on Spelt Dehulling in a Wire Mesh Cylinder." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 43.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Forests
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Research Highlights: Seed separation criteria and the optimal parameters of sorting devices were described. Background and Objectives: Seeds are often sorted into fractions which are sown separately to promote uniform seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the basic physical properties of European black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. nigra) seeds for the needs of planning seed sorting operations. Materials and Methods: Black pine seeds were divided into 5 batches representing individual parent trees, and the physical properties (terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, angle of external friction, mass) of each seed were determined. The measured geometric parameters and seed mass were used to calculate the respective indicators for each seed. The values of the analyzed parameters were used to plan the seed separation process. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of seeds were determined in the following range: Terminal velocity—8.32 to 8.73 m s−1, thickness—2.24 to 2.27 mm, width—3.34 to 3.44 mm, length—5.87 to 6.08 mm, angle of external friction—28 to 32°, mass—18.8 to 20.0 mg. Seed mass was most highly correlated with terminal velocity, and it was least correlated with the angle of external friction. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that black pine seeds should be sorted with the use of pneumatic separators or, alternatively, mesh sieves with longitudinal openings. These sorting devices separate seeds into fractions characterized by similar seed mass, which delivers both economic and environmental benefits in nursery practice.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Paweł Tylek. Aspects of the Process of Sorting European Black Pine Seeds. Forests 2019, 10, 966 .

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Paweł Tylek. Aspects of the Process of Sorting European Black Pine Seeds. Forests. 2019; 10 (11):966.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Paweł Tylek. 2019. "Aspects of the Process of Sorting European Black Pine Seeds." Forests 10, no. 11: 966.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2019 in The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI – Food Technology
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ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Andrzej Anders; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Piotr Markowski; Zbigniew Żuk. Influence of friction plate roughness on the external friction angle of wheat kernels. The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI – Food Technology 2019, 43, 106 -116.

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Andrzej Anders, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Piotr Markowski, Zbigniew Żuk. Influence of friction plate roughness on the external friction angle of wheat kernels. The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI – Food Technology. 2019; 43 (1):106-116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Andrzej Anders; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Piotr Markowski; Zbigniew Żuk. 2019. "Influence of friction plate roughness on the external friction angle of wheat kernels." The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI – Food Technology 43, no. 1: 106-116.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in Sustainability
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The aim of the study was to build numerical models of cucumbers cv. Śremski with the use of a 3D scanner and to analyze selected geometric parameters of cucumber fruits based on the developed models. The basic dimensions of cucumber fruits–length, width and thickness—were measured with an electronic caliper with an accuracy of d = 0.01 mm, and the surface area and volume of fruits were determined by 3D scanning. Cucumber fruits were scanned with an accuracy of d = 0.13 mm. Six models approximating the shape of cucumber fruits were developed with the use of six geometric figures and their combinations to calculate the surface area and volume of the analyzed agricultural products were identified. The surface area and volume of cucumber fruits calculated by 3D scanning and mathematical formulas were compared. The surface area calculated with the model combining two truncated cones and two hemispheres with different diameters, joined base-to-base, was characterized by the smallest relative error of 3%. Fruit volume should be determined with the use of mathematical formulas derived for a model composed of an ellipsoid and a spheroid. The proposed geometric models can be used in research and design.

ACS Style

Andrzej Anders; Dariusz Choszcz; Piotr Markowski; Adam Józef Lipiński; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Elwira Ślesicka. Numerical Modeling of the Shape of Agricultural Products on the Example of Cucumber Fruits. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2798 .

AMA Style

Andrzej Anders, Dariusz Choszcz, Piotr Markowski, Adam Józef Lipiński, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Elwira Ślesicka. Numerical Modeling of the Shape of Agricultural Products on the Example of Cucumber Fruits. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Anders; Dariusz Choszcz; Piotr Markowski; Adam Józef Lipiński; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Elwira Ślesicka. 2019. "Numerical Modeling of the Shape of Agricultural Products on the Example of Cucumber Fruits." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2798.

Communication
Published: 10 February 2019 in Forests
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Research Highlights: The correlations between seed mass and the remaining physical properties were determined in selected fir species, and a method for seed sorting was proposed to promote uniform germination and emergence. Background and Objectives: Information about the variation and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variation in the physical properties of seeds in eleven fir species, and to analyze the correlations between these parameters to improve the seed sorting process. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. In the majority of the analyzed fir species, seed mass was most strongly correlated with terminal velocity, followed by thickness. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Piotr Markowski; Andrzej Anders; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Zbigniew Krzysiak. Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species. Forests 2019, 10, 142 .

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Piotr Markowski, Andrzej Anders, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Zbigniew Żuk, Zbigniew Krzysiak. Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species. Forests. 2019; 10 (2):142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Piotr Markowski; Andrzej Anders; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Zbigniew Krzysiak. 2019. "Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species." Forests 10, no. 2: 142.

Preprint
Published: 11 January 2019
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Research Highlights: The correlations between the analyzed physical properties of seeds and seed mass were determined. The results were analyzed to determine most effective seed separation devices for the evaluated fir species. Background and Objectives: Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected fir species, and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity – from 4.8 to 7.1 m s-1, thickness – from 1.76 to 3.22 mm, width – from 3.29 to 5.57 mm, length – from 5.44 to 11.06 mm, angle of external friction – from 26 to 33°, and mass – from 7.9 to 48.3 mg. The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Piotr Markowski; Andrzej Anders; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Zbigniew Krzysiak. Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Piotr Markowski, Andrzej Anders, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Zbigniew Żuk, Zbigniew Krzysiak. Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Piotr Markowski; Andrzej Anders; Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak; Zbigniew Żuk; Zbigniew Krzysiak. 2019. "Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Agricultural Engineering
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ultrasound waves on mechanical properties of organic bread. Mixed grain bread baked at a local bakery according to its original recipe was the material subjected to testing. Prior to baking, the dough was sonicated at frequencies of 20 kHz and 40 kHz for 3 minutes, and at a frequency of 100 kHz for 3 minutes and 6 minutes. The mechanical properties of the bread (compression test, penetration test and TPA) were examined after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h following the baking process. The maximum work obtained in the compression test after 24 h following the baking ranged from 616 N to 668 N. On the next day following the baking, the maximum work value ranged from 750 N to 898 N, while after 72 hours, it ranged from 988 N to 1135 N. In the penetration test, the following results were obtained: after 24 hours, the force value ranged from 2.71 N to 3.17 N; after 48 hours following the baking, it ranged from 4.90 N to 6.35 N; and after 72 hours following the baking, from 3.98 N to 6.88 N. As regards elasticity, the obtained results fell within the following ranges: after 24 hours following the baking, from 0.53 to 0.58; after 48 hours following the baking, from 0.43 to 0.55; and after 72 hours following the baking, from 0.40 to 0.45. Gumminess measured after 24 hours following the baking ranged from 8.75 N to 18.71 N; after 48 hours, from 10.83 N to 15.48 N; and after 72 hours, the gumminess values ranged from 15.57 N to 19.06 N. As regards chewiness, the following results were obtained: after 24 hours following the baking, from 8.00 N to 17.59 N; after 48 hours following the baking, from 9.77 N to 13.87 N; and after 72 hours following the baking, from 12.56 N to 16.85 N. The frequencies and durations of sonication applied changed no mechanical properties of the tested bread.

ACS Style

Marta Batia-Strynkowska; Andrzej Wesołowski; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz. Effect of Sonication on The Mechanical Properties of Organic Mixed Grain Bread. Agricultural Engineering 2018, 22, 5 -13.

AMA Style

Marta Batia-Strynkowska, Andrzej Wesołowski, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz. Effect of Sonication on The Mechanical Properties of Organic Mixed Grain Bread. Agricultural Engineering. 2018; 22 (4):5-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Batia-Strynkowska; Andrzej Wesołowski; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz. 2018. "Effect of Sonication on The Mechanical Properties of Organic Mixed Grain Bread." Agricultural Engineering 22, no. 4: 5-13.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2018 in Technical Sciences
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Wood processing operations, in particular debarking, can pose a significant hazard for the chainsaw operator when performed without due caution. The most common hazards with potentially fatal consequences include kickback which occurs when the chainsaw’s guide bar is violently thrown backwards towards the operator. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of wood species and different saw chain brands on the kickback angle of a chainsaw. The kickback angle of a combustion chainsaw was analyzed in a self-designed test stand with the use of a digital level gauge accurate to 0.1°. Four differently priced saw chain brands, including two standard chains and two chains with anti-kickback features, were evaluated. Kickback was analyzed on five wood species (pine, spruce, birch, alder and oak) at three engine speeds (50%, 75% and 100% of maximum rotational speed). Kickback was significantly determined by wood species and saw chain type, and it was less influenced by the rotational speed of the chainsaw engine. The average kickback angle was largest in alder and smallest in spruce. The analyzed parameter was not always reduced by saw chains with anti-kickback features. In some cases, low-priced saw chains with anti-kickback features offer less protection than more expensive standard chains. Chainsaw buyers should decide whether it is worthwhile to compromise on safety in exchange for a lower price.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Łukasz Maleszewski; Zbigniew Krzysiak. Influence of saw chain type and wood species on the kickback angle of a chainsaw. Technical Sciences 2018, 4, 323 -334.

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Łukasz Maleszewski, Zbigniew Krzysiak. Influence of saw chain type and wood species on the kickback angle of a chainsaw. Technical Sciences. 2018; 4 (21):323-334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Łukasz Maleszewski; Zbigniew Krzysiak. 2018. "Influence of saw chain type and wood species on the kickback angle of a chainsaw." Technical Sciences 4, no. 21: 323-334.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2018 in Sustainability
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The separation parameters and indicators of separation efficiency of a mixture of two types of seeds in a grader equipped with five interchangeable cylinders with indented pockets of various depths were optimized. The analyzed mixture was composed of buckwheat seeds and wild radish siliques, which are difficult to separate. A self-made computer program based on genetic algorithms was developed for the needs of the study. The value of the optimized indicator of separation efficiency (ε = 0.993), which is a product of partial indicators (buckwheat seed yield ε1 and separation efficiency of wild radish siliques ε2), was highest at the following operating parameters: Depth of indented pocket s = 2.9 mm, kinematic index k = 0.25, static load rating of a cylinder q = 0.1, and inclination angle of the working edge of the trough α = 12.0°.

ACS Style

Stanisław Konopka; Piotr Markowski; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Dariusz Jan Choszcz; Adam Józef Lipiński; Elżbieta Kusińska. Optimization of the Separation Efficiency of Buckwheat Seeds and Wild Radish Siliques in a Grader with Indented Pockets. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3870 .

AMA Style

Stanisław Konopka, Piotr Markowski, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Dariusz Jan Choszcz, Adam Józef Lipiński, Elżbieta Kusińska. Optimization of the Separation Efficiency of Buckwheat Seeds and Wild Radish Siliques in a Grader with Indented Pockets. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):3870.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanisław Konopka; Piotr Markowski; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Dariusz Jan Choszcz; Adam Józef Lipiński; Elżbieta Kusińska. 2018. "Optimization of the Separation Efficiency of Buckwheat Seeds and Wild Radish Siliques in a Grader with Indented Pockets." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 3870.

Communication
Published: 09 October 2018 in Forests
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Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass, and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios (geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, and specific mass) of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—5.25 to 8.34 m s−1, thickness—1.10 to 2.32 mm, width—1.43 to 3.19 mm, length—2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction—23.1 to 30.0°, and mass—2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer’s spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Zbigniew Żuk; Elżbieta Kusińska. Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species. Forests 2018, 9, 617 .

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Zbigniew Żuk, Elżbieta Kusińska. Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species. Forests. 2018; 9 (10):617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Zbigniew Żuk; Elżbieta Kusińska. 2018. "Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species." Forests 9, no. 10: 617.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2018 in Acta Agrophysica
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ACS Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Stefan Mańkowski; Paweł Tylek; Zbigniew Krzysiak; Waldemar Peda. Correlations between the physical properties of silver fir seeds. Acta Agrophysica 2018, 25, 197 -212.

AMA Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Stefan Mańkowski, Paweł Tylek, Zbigniew Krzysiak, Waldemar Peda. Correlations between the physical properties of silver fir seeds. Acta Agrophysica. 2018; 25 (2):197-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Stefan Mańkowski; Paweł Tylek; Zbigniew Krzysiak; Waldemar Peda. 2018. "Correlations between the physical properties of silver fir seeds." Acta Agrophysica 25, no. 2: 197-212.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2018 in Acta Agrophysica
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ACS Style

Andrzej Anders; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Piotr Markowski. Numerical modelling of geometric and physical properties of agri-food products using the examples of walnuts, peanuts and hazelnuts. Acta Agrophysica 2018, 25, 5 -16.

AMA Style

Andrzej Anders, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Piotr Markowski. Numerical modelling of geometric and physical properties of agri-food products using the examples of walnuts, peanuts and hazelnuts. Acta Agrophysica. 2018; 25 (1):5-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Anders; Zdzisław Kaliniewicz; Piotr Markowski. 2018. "Numerical modelling of geometric and physical properties of agri-food products using the examples of walnuts, peanuts and hazelnuts." Acta Agrophysica 25, no. 1: 5-16.