Hong JH, et al. Korean J Radiol. 2020 Jul;21:e105. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0020

Yeoh H, et al. Korean J Radiol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1850-1857. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2021.0140

While the recent advancements of computed tomography (CT) technology have contributed in reducing radiation dose and image noise, an objective evaluation of image quality in patient scans has not yet been established. In this study, we present a patient-specific CT image quality evaluation method that includes fully automated measurements of noise level, structure sharpness, and alteration of structure. This study used the CT images of 120 patients from four different CT scanners reconstructed with three types of algorithm: filtered back projection (FBP), vendor-specific iterative reconstruction (IR), and a vendor-agnostic deep learning model (DLM, ClariCT.AI, ClariPi Inc.). The structure coherence feature (SCF) was used to divide an image into the homogeneous (R_H) and structure edge (R_S) regions, which in turn were used to localize the regions of interests (ROIs) for subsequent analysis of image quality indices. The noise level was calculated by averaging the standard deviations from five randomly selected ROIs on R_H, and the mean SCFs on R_S was used to estimate the structure sharpness. The structure alteration was defined by the standard deviation ratio between R_S and R_H on the subtraction image between FBP and IR or DLM, in which lower structure alterations indicate successful noise reduction without degradation of structure details. The estimated structure sharpness showed a high correlation of 0.793 with manually measured edge slopes. Compared to FBP, IR and DLM showed 34.38% and 51.30% noise reduction, 2.87% and 0.59% lower structure sharpness, and 2.20% and -12.03% structure alteration, respectively, on an average. DLM showed statistically superior performance to IR in all three image quality metrics. This study is expected to contribute to enhance the CT protocol optimization process by allowing a high throughput and quantitative image quality evaluation during the introduction or adjustment of lower-dose CT protocol into routine practice.

Effective elimination of unique CT noise pattern while preserving adequate image quality is crucial in reducing radiation dose to ultra-low-dose level in CT imaging practice. In this study, we present a novel Deep Learning-enable Iterative Reconstruction (Deep IR) approach for CT denoising which incorporate a synthetic sinogram-based noise simulation technique for training of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Regular dose CT images from 25 patients were used from Seoul National University Hospital. The CT scans were performed at 140 kVp, 100 mAs, and reconstructed with standard FBP technique using B60f kernel. Among them, 20 patients were randomly selected as a training set and the rest 5 patients were used for a test set. We applied a re-projection technique to create a synthetic sinogram from the DICOM CT image, and then a simulated noise sinogram was generated to match the noise level of 10mAs according to Poisson statistic and the system noise model of the given scanner (Somatom Sensation 16, Siemens). We added the simulated noise sinogram to the re-projected synthetic sinogram to generate a simulated sinogram of ultra-low dose scan. We also created the simulated ultra-low-dose CT image by applying FBP reconstruction of the simulated noise sinogram with B60f kernel. A CNN model was created using a TensorFlow framework to have 10 consecutive convolution layer and activation layer. The CNN was trained to learn the noise in sinogram domain: the simulated noisy sinogram of ultra-low dose scan was fed into its input nodes with the output node being fed by the simulated noise sinogram. At test phase, the noise sinogram from the CNN output was reconstructed with using B60f kernel to create a noise CT image, which in turn was subtracted from the simulated ultra-low-dose CT image to produce a Deep IR CT image. The performance was evaluated quantitatively in terms of structural similarity (SSIM) index, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and noise level measurement and qualitatively in CT image by comparing the noise pattern and image quality. Compared to low-dose image, denoising image of the SSIM and the PSNR were improved from 0.75 to 0.80, 28.61db to 32.16 respectively. The noise level of denoising image was reduced to an average of 56 % of that of low-dose image. The noise pattern in reconstructed noise CT was indistinguishable from that of real CT images, and the image quality of Deep IR CT image was overall much higher than that of simulated ultra-low-dose CT.