The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the psychological needs of athletes who attend gyms, the spirituality index of well-being, and motivation in sports, and to determine the mediating role of the spirituality index of well-being between psychological needs in sports and motivation in sports. Although sports spirituality is rapidly developing in the international literature, sports and spirituality have not been studied together in the national literature before. Therefore, this study holds the distinction of being one of the pioneering research efforts on the subject of spirituality in athletes in Türkiye. In this context, the data of 422 athletes, 176 women and 246 men, who have been attending gym facilities in Antalya for at least one year, were included in the research. Participants were administered a personal information form, Psychological Need States. It was found that the spirituality index of well-being is positively related to all satisfaction subscales and negatively related to all frustration subscales of psychological needs and that the life scheme is related to many subscales of sport motivation. Furthermore, it was also found that the spirituality index of well-being is a mediating variable between psychological needs in sports and motivation in sports. The data draw attention to the importance of sports spirituality. It is recommended to integrate spirituality into healthcare for athletes.

Objective: The present study aims to investigate digital gaming behavior among university students by examining the interactions between digital game playing attitudes, gaming motivation, and digital game addiction awareness. Specifically, the study seeks to determine how these psychological dimensions vary across key demographic factors, including gender, faculty type, and grade level. In addition, the study aims to analyze the relationships among attitudes, motivation, and awareness to provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms shaping digital gaming behavior in this population. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed. The sample consisted of 337 university students (aged 17–32) selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected via validated scales measuring digital game addiction awareness, game playing motivation, and attitudes toward digital games. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, including independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Female students demonstrated significantly higher levels of digital game addiction awareness (M = 46.32) compared to males (M = 41.66, p < .001), whereas male students showed higher motivation (M = 65.64 vs. 57.25, p < .001) and more positive attitudes (M = 57.22 vs. 49.92, p < .001). Students from the Faculty of Sports Sciences had lower awareness levels than students from other faculties (p < .001), while no significant differences were observed in motivation or attitudes. Grade level did not significantly affect awareness or motivation; however, differences were found in attitudes (p < .05). Correlation analysis revealed a weak negative relationship between awareness and motivation (r = -0.141, p < .01) and attitudes (r = -0.136, p < .05), and a very strong positive relationship between motivation and attitudes (r = 0.924, p < .001). Conclusion: Digital gaming behavior among university students is influenced by an interaction of awareness, motivation, and attitudes. Interventions should adopt an integrated approach focusing on increasing awareness and regulating motivation to promote balanced gaming behaviors.

Physical activity participation in young adulthood is typically explained by motivational and environmental determinants; however, regulatory models of daily behaviour suggest that transient fluctuations in sleep quality, circadian preference, and stimulant use may also be associated with how individuals appraise effort-related demands. Within this behavioural–temporal regulatory perspective, perceived barriers to physical activity may be related to variations in functional energy, alertness, and temporal alignment rather than solely stable contextual constraints. The present cross-sectional study examined whether insomnia symptoms (sleep initiation and awakening problems), chronotype, and daily caffeine intake were concurrently related to perceived personal, social, and environmental physical activity barriers in 788 university students (18–27 years). Standardized self-report measures were administered under controlled assessment conditions. Pearson correlations and theory-informed hierarchical regression models were applied. Sleep initiation problems demonstrated very weak positive correlations with total and domain-specific barriers (r = 0.12–0.17), whereas awakening problems showed very weak inverse correlations (r = −0.10 to −0.14, p ≤ 0.005). Chronotype was weakly associated only with personal barriers (β ≈ −0.09, p = 0.013). Daily caffeine intake showed a weak negative association with environmental barriers (β ≈ −0.15, p < 0.001). Across models, explained variance remained limited (adjusted R² = 0.040–0.053), indicating that these variables explained only a very small proportion of variance in perceived physical activity barriers. These findings suggest that sleep-related and chronobiological characteristics are not meaningful independent predictors of perceived physical activity barriers in this population and demonstrate only weak, domain-specific, and non-directionally consistent associations. Accordingly, the findings should be interpreted cautiously as exploratory rather than practically predictive. Given the cross-sectional design and low explained variance, the results primarily highlight the limited explanatory utility of these psychobiological factors relative to broader unmeasured contextual determinants. Longitudinal and time-sensitive designs incorporating objective behavioural assessments are required to clarify temporal ordering and potential regulatory mechanisms.