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A mathematical framework that provides practical guidelines for user adoption is proposed for fuel cell performance evaluation. By leveraging the mathematical framework, two measures that describe the average and worst-case performance are presented. To facilitate the computation of the performance measures in a practical setting, we model the distribution of the voltages at different current points as a Gaussian process. Then the minimum number of samples needed to estimate the performance measures is obtained using information-theoretic notions. Furthermore, we introduce a sensing algorithm that finds the current points that are maximally informative about the voltage. Observing the voltages at the points identified by the proposed algorithm enables the user to estimate the voltages at the unobserved points. The proposed performance measures and the corresponding results are validated on a fuel cell dataset provided by an industrial user whose conclusion coincides with the judgement from the fuel cell manufacturer.
Ke Sun; Iñaki Esnaola; Okechukwu Okorie; Fiona Charnley; Mariale Moreno; Ashutosh Tiwari. Data-driven modeling and monitoring of fuel cell performance. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKe Sun, Iñaki Esnaola, Okechukwu Okorie, Fiona Charnley, Mariale Moreno, Ashutosh Tiwari. Data-driven modeling and monitoring of fuel cell performance. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe Sun; Iñaki Esnaola; Okechukwu Okorie; Fiona Charnley; Mariale Moreno; Ashutosh Tiwari. 2021. "Data-driven modeling and monitoring of fuel cell performance." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , no. : 1.
Increased momentum in support of a Circular Economy (CE) has motivated the exploration of alternative production and value-retention processes that allow for the decoupling of environmental impacts from economic growth. Remanufacturing, a key value retention process, can enable significant economic, environmental and social (also known as triple-bottom line) advantages. Given their competitive value proposition, remanufactured products are often blamed by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) for cannibalising new product sales revenues. Thus, remanufacturing is often viewed as high-risk, and potentially even a threat to conventional manufacturing activities by many OEMs, often triggering both active and passive countermeasures to protect market share. In many cases, such actions lead to reduced access to cores for remanufactures; they can also work against the uptake of remanufacturing activities that are essential for transitioning to a CE. To achieve a CE, remanufacturing activities must be scaled; however, without a clear understanding of the relationship between remanufacturing and product cannibalisation, OEMs may continue to avoid and/or interfere in remanufacturing systems. Further, in alignment with systems-thinking for CE, we posit that broadly-considered integration of CE dimensions is critical but lacking within the literature. To this end, this systematic review paper aims to clarify and organize the existing scientific literature about product cannibalisation and remanufacturing. We examine these contributions through an expanded Triple Bottom Line lens that aligns with the recognized dimensions of CE: social, environmental, economic, management, policy, and technology. A comprehensive content assessment revealed a predominant economic lens to the research, with statistical analysis, game theory, and numerical experiments as the primary methodologies employed. In addition, opportunities to more comprehensively explore social, policy, management, and technology perspectives as they relate to product cannibalisation and remanufacturing were identified. We develop and apply a new framework for considering product cannibalisation and price competition in the broader context of sustainability and the transition to CE. Finally, in addition to identifying a comprehensive range of stakeholders that need to be engaged, we recommend a future research agenda that explores the specific challenges, interactions, and relationships between product cannibalisation, remanufacturing, and the six dimensions of CE.
Okechukwu Okorie; Martins Obi; Jennifer Russell; Fiona Charnley; Konstantinos Salonitis. A triple bottom line examination of product cannibalisation and remanufacturing: A review and research agenda. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2021, 27, 958 -974.
AMA StyleOkechukwu Okorie, Martins Obi, Jennifer Russell, Fiona Charnley, Konstantinos Salonitis. A triple bottom line examination of product cannibalisation and remanufacturing: A review and research agenda. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2021; 27 ():958-974.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu Okorie; Martins Obi; Jennifer Russell; Fiona Charnley; Konstantinos Salonitis. 2021. "A triple bottom line examination of product cannibalisation and remanufacturing: A review and research agenda." Sustainable Production and Consumption 27, no. : 958-974.
The transition to a circular economy (CE) requires companies to evaluate their resource flows, supply chains, and business models and to question the ways in which value is created. In the high value manufacturing (HVM) sector, this evaluation is critical, as HVM enables value in nonconventional forms, beyond profit, including unique production processes, brand recognition, rapid delivery times, and highly customized services. We investigate the role of value, cost, and other factors of influence in the selection of a circular business model (CBM) for HVM. Explored through five case studies using a qualitative evaluation of circularity, we then contribute to the emerging field of CBMs by modifying the CBM canvas that can capture the nontraditional value, traditional value, cost, and other influencing factors enabled via CBM adoption in HVM. Finally, the important role of digital technologies for incentivizing and enabling CBM adoption, is clarified.
Okechukwu Okorie; Fiona Charnley; Jennifer Russell; Ashutosh Tiwari; Mariale Moreno. Circular business models in high value manufacturing: Five industry cases to bridge theory and practice. Business Strategy and the Environment 2021, 30, 1780 -1802.
AMA StyleOkechukwu Okorie, Fiona Charnley, Jennifer Russell, Ashutosh Tiwari, Mariale Moreno. Circular business models in high value manufacturing: Five industry cases to bridge theory and practice. Business Strategy and the Environment. 2021; 30 (4):1780-1802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu Okorie; Fiona Charnley; Jennifer Russell; Ashutosh Tiwari; Mariale Moreno. 2021. "Circular business models in high value manufacturing: Five industry cases to bridge theory and practice." Business Strategy and the Environment 30, no. 4: 1780-1802.
Sustainability has gained momentum in literature as government and non-governmental policymakers identify measures to fight climate change. While sustainability principles can be good for business and the economy, businesses have been slow to replace non-sustainable products with sustainable ones. One reason for this, we argue, is because businesses have a harder time seeing how to build a stronger competitive advantage with sustainable products than they have with the products they already offer. This study thus addresses the question of how sustainable innovators can build competitive advantage around sustainable products. Stakeholder theory advises business owners to build products around the interests of all stakeholders. This paper thus uses a grounded theory approach based on a series of interviews with 15 key business from stakeholders these categories: entrepreneurs, investors, customers, and academics/NGO representatives. Our study identifies four major and interconnected findings, viz: (1) investors are the most doubtful concerning sustainable innovations, while customers are receptive and keen to be involved; (2) sustainable entrepreneurs are subsequently advised to make sure that the underlying business case of their firm is well developed as much as the product; (3) the overall barrier hindering the success of some sustainable innovations is not their cost, but the human nature to put off change until problems become critical; and (4) at the moment, investing in sustainable innovations is more attractive in regions with positive sustainability regulations such as California and some European countries.
Inamutila Kahupi; Clyde Eiríkur Hull; Okechukwu Okorie; Sherwyn Millette. Building competitive advantage with sustainable products – A case study perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 289, 125699 .
AMA StyleInamutila Kahupi, Clyde Eiríkur Hull, Okechukwu Okorie, Sherwyn Millette. Building competitive advantage with sustainable products – A case study perspective of stakeholders. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 289 ():125699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInamutila Kahupi; Clyde Eiríkur Hull; Okechukwu Okorie; Sherwyn Millette. 2020. "Building competitive advantage with sustainable products – A case study perspective of stakeholders." Journal of Cleaner Production 289, no. : 125699.
The adoption of the Circular Economy paradigm by industry leads to increased responsibility of manufacturing to ensure a holistic awareness of the environmental impact of its operations. In mitigating negative effects in the environment, current maintenance practice must be considered, not just for the reduction of its own direct impact but also for its potential contribution to a more sustainable lifecycle for the manufacturing operation, its products and related services. Focusing on the matching of digital technologies to maintenance practice in the automotive sector, this paper outlines a framework for organisations pursuing the integration of environmentally aware solutions in their production systems. This research acts as a primer for digital maintenance practice within the Circular Economy and the utilisation of Industry 4.0 technologies for this purpose.
C. Turner; O. Okorie; C. Emmanouilidis; J. Oyekan. A Digital Maintenance Practice Framework for Circular Production of Automotive Parts. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020, 53, 19 -24.
AMA StyleC. Turner, O. Okorie, C. Emmanouilidis, J. Oyekan. A Digital Maintenance Practice Framework for Circular Production of Automotive Parts. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2020; 53 (3):19-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Turner; O. Okorie; C. Emmanouilidis; J. Oyekan. 2020. "A Digital Maintenance Practice Framework for Circular Production of Automotive Parts." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 3: 19-24.
Pandemics and other forms of epidemic outbreaks are a unique case of manufacturing risk typified by high uncertainty, increasing propagation and long-term disruption to manufacturers, supply chain actors as well as the end-users and consumers. For manufacturing the COVID-19 disruption scope has been largely two-fold; an endogenous disruption of manufacturing processes and systems as well as extreme shifts in demand and supply caused by exogenous supply chain disruption. Existing literature on disruptions in manufacturing suggests that pandemics are qualitatively different from typical disruptions. There is no literature available to manufacturing practitioners that identify the barriers and enablers of manufacturing resilience, especially with regards to pivoting of the manufacturing sector in response to a pandemic. This study draws on an extensive survey collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The respondents were employees of manufacturing firms in all regions of the world who had engaged in manufacturing during the pandemic or had opted out from manufacturing due to various identified reasons. By collating their responses, we offer to practitioners and policymakers an analysis for identifying a best-practice framework for pivoting successfully as a response to major manufacturing disruptions.
Okechukwu S. Okorie; Ramesh Subramoniam; Fiona Charnley; John Patsavellas; David Widdifield; Konstantinos Salonitis. Manufacturing in the Time of COVID-19: An Assessment of Barriers and Enablers. IEEE Engineering Management Review 2020, 48, 167 -175.
AMA StyleOkechukwu S. Okorie, Ramesh Subramoniam, Fiona Charnley, John Patsavellas, David Widdifield, Konstantinos Salonitis. Manufacturing in the Time of COVID-19: An Assessment of Barriers and Enablers. IEEE Engineering Management Review. 2020; 48 (3):167-175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu S. Okorie; Ramesh Subramoniam; Fiona Charnley; John Patsavellas; David Widdifield; Konstantinos Salonitis. 2020. "Manufacturing in the Time of COVID-19: An Assessment of Barriers and Enablers." IEEE Engineering Management Review 48, no. 3: 167-175.
While the majority of literature on remanufacturing operations examines an end-of-life (EOL) strategy which is both manual and mechanised, authors generally agree that digitalisation of remanufacturing is expected to increase in the next decade. Subsequently, a new research area described as digitally-enabled remanufacturing, remanufacturing 4.0 or smart remanufacturing is emerging. This is an automated, data-driven system of remanufacturing by means of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) paradigms. Insights into smart remanufacturing can be provided through simulation modelling of the remanufacturing process. While the use of simulation modelling in order to predict responses and behaviour is prevalent in remanufacturing, the use of these tools in smart remanufacturing is still limited in literature. The goal of this research is to present, as a first of its kind, a comparative understanding of simulation modelling in remanufacturing in order to suggest the ideal modelling tool for smart remanufacturing. The proposed comparison includes system dynamics, discrete event simulation and agent based modelling techniques. We apply these modelling techniques on a smart remanufacturing space of a sensor-enabled product and use assumptions derived from industry experts. We then proceed to model the remanufacturing operation from sorting and inspection of cores to final inspection of the remanufactured product. Through our analysis of the assumptions utilised and simulation modelling results we conclude that, while individual modelling techniques present important strategic and operational insights, their individual use may not be sufficient to offer comprehensive knowledge to remanufacturers due to the challenge of data complexity that smart remanufacturing offers.
Okechukwu Okorie; Fiona Charnley; Augustine Ehiagwina; Divya Tiwari; Konstantinos Salonitis. Towards a simulation-based understanding of smart remanufacturing operations: a comparative analysis. Journal of Remanufacturing 2020, 1 -24.
AMA StyleOkechukwu Okorie, Fiona Charnley, Augustine Ehiagwina, Divya Tiwari, Konstantinos Salonitis. Towards a simulation-based understanding of smart remanufacturing operations: a comparative analysis. Journal of Remanufacturing. 2020; ():1-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu Okorie; Fiona Charnley; Augustine Ehiagwina; Divya Tiwari; Konstantinos Salonitis. 2020. "Towards a simulation-based understanding of smart remanufacturing operations: a comparative analysis." Journal of Remanufacturing , no. : 1-24.
This paper presents an investigation on how simulation informed by the latest advances in digital technologies such as the 4th Industrial Revolution (I4.0) and the Internet of Things (IoT) can provide digital intelligence to accelerate the implementation of more circular approaches in UK manufacturing. Through this research, a remanufacturing process was mapped and simulated using discrete event simulation (DES) to depict the decision-making process at the shop-floor level of a remanufacturing facility. To understand the challenge of using data in remanufacturing, a series of interviews were conducted finding that there was a significant variability in the condition of the returned product. To address this gap, the concept of certainty of product quality (CPQ) was developed and tested through a system dynamics (SD) and DES model to better understand the effects of CPQ on products awaiting remanufacture, including inspection, cleaning and disassembly times. The wider application of CPQ could be used to forecast remanufacturing and production processes, resulting in reduced costs by using an automatised process for inspection, thus allowing more detailed distinction between “go” or “no go” for remanufacture. Within the context of a circular economy, CPQ could be replicated to assess interventions in the product lifecycle, and therefore the identification of the optimal CE strategy and the time of intervention for the current life of a product—that is, when to upgrade, refurbish, remanufacture or recycle. The novelty of this research lies in investigating the application of simulation through the lens of a restorative circular economic model focusing on product life extension and its suitability at a particular point in a product’s life cycle.
Fiona Charnley; Divya Tiwari; Windo Hutabarat; Mariale Moreno; Okechukwu Okorie; Ashutosh Tiwari. Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3379 .
AMA StyleFiona Charnley, Divya Tiwari, Windo Hutabarat, Mariale Moreno, Okechukwu Okorie, Ashutosh Tiwari. Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFiona Charnley; Divya Tiwari; Windo Hutabarat; Mariale Moreno; Okechukwu Okorie; Ashutosh Tiwari. 2019. "Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3379.
Manufacturing industries are experiencing a data-driven paradigm shift that is changing how technical operations are run and changing present business models. Leveraging on manufacturing data from industries and digital intelligence platforms have become important in creating new forms of value. While extending the life of a product through the circular economy 3 R’s of reuse, re-manufacturing and recycling remains a technical and resource challenge for practitioners, optimizing the increasing forms and volumes of data presents a complementary and necessary challenge to the circular economy. This research aims to explore how the manufacturing data can inform remanufacturing parameters for implementing remanufacturing on the Rechargeable Energy Storage System.
Okechukwu Okorie; K. Salonitis; F. Charnley; M. Moreno; C. Turner; A. Tiwari. Manufacturing Data for the Implementation of Data-Driven Remanufacturing for the Rechargeable Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes 2018, 277 -289.
AMA StyleOkechukwu Okorie, K. Salonitis, F. Charnley, M. Moreno, C. Turner, A. Tiwari. Manufacturing Data for the Implementation of Data-Driven Remanufacturing for the Rechargeable Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes. 2018; ():277-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu Okorie; K. Salonitis; F. Charnley; M. Moreno; C. Turner; A. Tiwari. 2018. "Manufacturing Data for the Implementation of Data-Driven Remanufacturing for the Rechargeable Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles." Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes , no. : 277-289.
Remanufacturing is a viable option to extend the useful life of an end-of-use product or its parts, ensuring sustainable competitive advantages under the current global economic climate. Challenges typical to remanufacturing still persist, despite its many benefits. According to the European Remanufacturing Network, a key challenge is the lack of accurate, timely and consistent product knowledge as highlighted in a 2015 survey of 188 European remanufacturers. With more data being produced by electric and hybrid vehicles, this adds to the information complexity challenge already experienced in remanufacturing. Therefore, it is difficult to implement real-time and accurate remanufacturing for the shop floor; there are no papers that focus on this within an electric and hybrid vehicle environment. To address this problem, this paper attempts to: (1) identify the required parameters/variables needed for fuel cell remanufacturing by means of interviews; (2) rank the variables by Pareto analysis; (3) develop a casual loop diagram for the identified parameters/variables to visualise their impact on remanufacturing; and (4) model a simple stock and flow diagram to simulate and understand data and information-driven schemes in remanufacturing.
Okechukwu Okorie; Konstantinos Salonitis; Fiona Charnley; Christopher Turner. A Systems Dynamics Enabled Real-Time Efficiency for Fuel Cell Data-Driven Remanufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2018, 2, 77 .
AMA StyleOkechukwu Okorie, Konstantinos Salonitis, Fiona Charnley, Christopher Turner. A Systems Dynamics Enabled Real-Time Efficiency for Fuel Cell Data-Driven Remanufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2018; 2 (4):77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu Okorie; Konstantinos Salonitis; Fiona Charnley; Christopher Turner. 2018. "A Systems Dynamics Enabled Real-Time Efficiency for Fuel Cell Data-Driven Remanufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2, no. 4: 77.
Since it first appeared in literature in the early nineties, the Circular Economy (CE) has grown in significance amongst academic, policymaking, and industry groups. The latest developments in the CE field have included the interrogation of CE as a paradigm, and its relationship with sustainability and other concepts, including iterative definitions. Research has also identified a significant opportunity to apply circular approaches to our rapidly changing industrial system, including manufacturing processes and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) which, with data, is enabling the latest advances in digital technologies (DT). Research which fuses these two areas has not been extensively explored. This is the first paper to provide a synergistic and integrative CE-DT framework which offers directions for policymakers and guidance for future research through a review of the integrated fields of CE and I4.0. To achieve this, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR; n = 174) of the empirical literature related to digital technologies, I4.0, and circular approaches is conducted. The SLR is based on peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and early 2018. This paper also summarizes the current trends in CE research related to manufacturing. The findings confirm that while CE research has been on the increase, research on digital technologies to enable a CE is still relatively untouched. While the “interdisciplinarity” of CE research is well-known, the findings reveal that a substantial percentage is engineering-focused. The paper concludes by proposing a synergistic and integrative CE-DT framework for future research developed from the gaps in the current research landscape.
Okechukwu Okorie; Konstantinos Salonitis; Fiona Charnley; Mariale Moreno; Christopher Turner; Ashutosh Tiwari. Digitisation and the Circular Economy: A Review of Current Research and Future Trends. Energies 2018, 11, 3009 .
AMA StyleOkechukwu Okorie, Konstantinos Salonitis, Fiona Charnley, Mariale Moreno, Christopher Turner, Ashutosh Tiwari. Digitisation and the Circular Economy: A Review of Current Research and Future Trends. Energies. 2018; 11 (11):3009.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkechukwu Okorie; Konstantinos Salonitis; Fiona Charnley; Mariale Moreno; Christopher Turner; Ashutosh Tiwari. 2018. "Digitisation and the Circular Economy: A Review of Current Research and Future Trends." Energies 11, no. 11: 3009.
As data from manufacturing and digital intelligence become a pervasive feature of our economy, it becomes increasingly important to leverage on this data in the creation of new forms of value. Within emerging concepts such as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the Internet of Things (IoT), understanding decision-making and stakeholders’ interaction is important in optimising manufacturing and post-manufacturing processes. Of interest is the post-manufacturing phase for the Rechargeable Energy Storage system, (RESS), a battery system embedded in hybrid and electric automobiles. This research develops a decision-making framework for the RESS component, employing data-driven remanufacturing as the circular approach for implementation. Findings highlight useful manufacturing data employed in remanufacturing for the RESS technology. This study concludes by giving recommendations on how decisions made by stakeholders and their interaction can inform manufacturers on design for remanufacturing.
O. Okorie; C. Turner; Konstantinos Salonitis; F. Charnley; M. Moreno; A. Tiwari; W. Hutabarat. A Decision-Making Framework for the Implementation of Remanufacturing in Rechargeable Energy Storage System in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. Procedia Manufacturing 2018, 25, 142 -153.
AMA StyleO. Okorie, C. Turner, Konstantinos Salonitis, F. Charnley, M. Moreno, A. Tiwari, W. Hutabarat. A Decision-Making Framework for the Implementation of Remanufacturing in Rechargeable Energy Storage System in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. Procedia Manufacturing. 2018; 25 ():142-153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleO. Okorie; C. Turner; Konstantinos Salonitis; F. Charnley; M. Moreno; A. Tiwari; W. Hutabarat. 2018. "A Decision-Making Framework for the Implementation of Remanufacturing in Rechargeable Energy Storage System in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles." Procedia Manufacturing 25, no. : 142-153.