This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
The market for electric motors is experiencing a step-growth due to their adoption across a range of industrial sectors. This increased demand also highlights the importance of end-of-life management of electric motors and a requirement for appropriate strategies for the high value materials embedded in them. This paper aims to offer a holistic view on the circular economy research for electric motors and the role of Industry 4.0 technologies by presenting the state-of-the-art available in literature and comparing it with the industrial perspective. The literature review revealed the absence of a methodology for selecting the best end-of-life scenario for industrial electric motors. Recycling, which is an end-of-product-life strategy, was found to be the key focus area of research. Reuse, which is a better strategy in terms of waste hierarchy, was the least researched area due to lack of information about the condition and availability of returned products. In order to capture the current landscape within the UK for the repair, remanufacture and recycling of electrical machines, a structured survey of UK based companies was conducted. The survey revealed that nearly half of the companies do not undertake any repair strategies for electrical machine components; however, there was an aspiration from the respondents to migrate their companies towards more sustainable activities. The industry survey and the review of existing literature led to the identification of research trends, challenges and recommendations for future research.
Divya Tiwari; Jill Miscandlon; Ashutosh Tiwari; Geraint W. Jewell. A Review of Circular Economy Research for Electric Motors and the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9668 .
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Jill Miscandlon, Ashutosh Tiwari, Geraint W. Jewell. A Review of Circular Economy Research for Electric Motors and the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9668.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Jill Miscandlon; Ashutosh Tiwari; Geraint W. Jewell. 2021. "A Review of Circular Economy Research for Electric Motors and the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9668.
Manual operations feature prominently in the manufacture of many electrical machines. Even though high-volume electrical machine manufacture is dominated by automation, several manufacturing operations continue to involve manual intervention because of the complexity of such operations makes them heavily reliant on high dexterity manual skills and experience. However, quality can be variable due to human involvement. Currently, in order to maintain a high precision of control and required tolerances of the final machine, inspection is performed at various steps during manufacturing and assembly. Detecting a defect at these end-of-line tests can result in significant wasted time and costs due to rework or scrappage. The solution to this problem lies in in-process monitoring particularly for error prone manual operations. This paper presents a literature review of the state-of-the-art available techniques and limitations in process monitoring within the context of electrical machine manufacturing. To quantify the degree of manual activities in process monitoring within electrical machine manufacture, a structured survey of UK based companies was conducted, identifying specific error prone manual processes to target, and gaps in inspection. The survey identified that a significant proportion of activities in electrical machine manufacture are manual, or semi-automated with manual interventions. However, literature review revealed only a limited research in in-process monitoring of manual operations in this area. Finally, two case studies are presented where case study 1 presents a framework for digitisation of a variety of manual manufacturing tasks, and case study 2 demonstrates real-time capture, modelling and analysis of deformable linear objects in electrical machine manufacturing.
Divya Tiwari; Michael Farnsworth; Ze Zhang; Geraint W Jewell; Ashutosh Tiwari. In-process monitoring in electrical machine manufacturing: A review of state of the art and future directions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Michael Farnsworth, Ze Zhang, Geraint W Jewell, Ashutosh Tiwari. In-process monitoring in electrical machine manufacturing: A review of state of the art and future directions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Michael Farnsworth; Ze Zhang; Geraint W Jewell; Ashutosh Tiwari. 2021. "In-process monitoring in electrical machine manufacturing: A review of state of the art and future directions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture , no. : 1.
This paper explores the use of discrete event simulation (DES) for decision making in real time based on the potential for data streamed from production line sensors. Technological innovations for data collection and an increasingly competitive global market have led to an increase in the application of discrete event simulation by manufacturing companies in recent years. Scenario analysis and optimisation methods are often applied to these simulation models to improve objectives such as cost, profit and throughput. The literature review has identified key research gaps as the lack of example cases where multi-objective optimisation methods have been applied to simulation models and the need for a framework to visualise the relationship between inputs and outputs of simulation models. A framework is presented to enable the optimisation DES simulation models and optimise multiple objectives simultaneously using design of experiments and meta-models to create a Pareto front of solutions. The results show that the resource allocation meta-model provides acceptable prediction accuracy whilst the lead time meta-model was not able to provide accurate prediction. Regression trees have been proposed to assist stakeholders with understanding the relationships between input and output variables. The framework uses regression and classification trees with overlaid values for multiple objectives and random forests to improve prediction accuracy for new points. A real-life test case involving a turbine assembly process is presented to illustrate the use and validity of the framework. The generated regression tree expressed a general trend by demonstrating relationships between input variables and two conflicting objectives. Random forests were implemented for creating higher accuracy predictions and they produced a mean square error of ~ 0.066 on the training data and ~ 0.081 on test data.
N. Prajapat; C. Turner; A. Tiwari; D. Tiwari; W. Hutabarat. Real-time discrete event simulation: a framework for an intelligent expert system approach utilising decision trees. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2020, 110, 2893 -2911.
AMA StyleN. Prajapat, C. Turner, A. Tiwari, D. Tiwari, W. Hutabarat. Real-time discrete event simulation: a framework for an intelligent expert system approach utilising decision trees. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020; 110 (11-12):2893-2911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Prajapat; C. Turner; A. Tiwari; D. Tiwari; W. Hutabarat. 2020. "Real-time discrete event simulation: a framework for an intelligent expert system approach utilising decision trees." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 110, no. 11-12: 2893-2911.
A dynamic and flexible manufacturing environment presents many challenges in the movement of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), leading to delays due to the complexity of operations while negotiating even a simple route. Therefore, an understanding of rules related to AMR movement is important both from a utility perspective as well as a safety perspective. Our survey from literature and industry has revealed a gap in methodology to test rules related to AMR movement in a factory environment. Testing purely through simulations would not able to capture the nuances of shop floor interactions whereas physical testing alone would be incredibly time-consuming and potentially hazardous. This work presents a new methodology that can make use of observations of AMR behaviour on selected cases on the shop floor and build up the fidelity of those simulations based on observations. This paper presents the development of a Highway Code for AMRs, development of simulation models for an ideal AMR (based on the rules from the Highway Code), and physical testing of real AMR in an industrial environment. Finally, a behavioural comparison of an ideal AMR and a real AMR in five scenarios (taken from the shop floor of an industrial partner) is presented. This work could enable informed decisions regarding the implementation of AMRs through identification of any adverse behaviours which could then be mitigated either through improvements on the AMR or through establishing shop floor protocols that reduce the potential impact of these behaviours.
A. Liaqat; W. Hutabarat; Divya Tiwari; L. Tinkler; D. Harra; B. Morgan; A. Taylor; T. Lu; A. Tiwari. Autonomous mobile robots in manufacturing: Highway Code development, simulation, and testing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2019, 104, 4617 -4628.
AMA StyleA. Liaqat, W. Hutabarat, Divya Tiwari, L. Tinkler, D. Harra, B. Morgan, A. Taylor, T. Lu, A. Tiwari. Autonomous mobile robots in manufacturing: Highway Code development, simulation, and testing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2019; 104 (9-12):4617-4628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Liaqat; W. Hutabarat; Divya Tiwari; L. Tinkler; D. Harra; B. Morgan; A. Taylor; T. Lu; A. Tiwari. 2019. "Autonomous mobile robots in manufacturing: Highway Code development, simulation, and testing." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 104, no. 9-12: 4617-4628.
This paper presents an investigation on how simulation informed by the latest advances in digital technologies such as the 4th Industrial Revolution (I4.0) and the Internet of Things (IoT) can provide digital intelligence to accelerate the implementation of more circular approaches in UK manufacturing. Through this research, a remanufacturing process was mapped and simulated using discrete event simulation (DES) to depict the decision-making process at the shop-floor level of a remanufacturing facility. To understand the challenge of using data in remanufacturing, a series of interviews were conducted finding that there was a significant variability in the condition of the returned product. To address this gap, the concept of certainty of product quality (CPQ) was developed and tested through a system dynamics (SD) and DES model to better understand the effects of CPQ on products awaiting remanufacture, including inspection, cleaning and disassembly times. The wider application of CPQ could be used to forecast remanufacturing and production processes, resulting in reduced costs by using an automatised process for inspection, thus allowing more detailed distinction between “go” or “no go” for remanufacture. Within the context of a circular economy, CPQ could be replicated to assess interventions in the product lifecycle, and therefore the identification of the optimal CE strategy and the time of intervention for the current life of a product—that is, when to upgrade, refurbish, remanufacture or recycle. The novelty of this research lies in investigating the application of simulation through the lens of a restorative circular economic model focusing on product life extension and its suitability at a particular point in a product’s life cycle.
Fiona Charnley; Divya Tiwari; Windo Hutabarat; Mariale Moreno; Okechukwu Okorie; Ashutosh Tiwari. Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3379 .
AMA StyleFiona Charnley, Divya Tiwari, Windo Hutabarat, Mariale Moreno, Okechukwu Okorie, Ashutosh Tiwari. Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFiona Charnley; Divya Tiwari; Windo Hutabarat; Mariale Moreno; Okechukwu Okorie; Ashutosh Tiwari. 2019. "Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3379.
The main challenge aerospace industries are facing in recent times has been triggered by the remarkable increase in commercial aircraft demand. To address this challenge, aircraft manufacturers need to explore ways to increase capacity and workflow through process optimisation and automation. This study focusses on the optimisation of component flow and inventory during the assembly of the A320 Family wings’ at Airbus (Broughton, UK) plant through Discrete Event Simulation (DES). This research measured the likely impact of future changes in the wing assembly process, using simulation by: mapping of component flow from delivery to the point of use, simulation of current logistics scenario (AS-IS), simulation of future logistics scenarios (TO-BE) that include proposed changes for optimising flow and managing capacity surge, and testing and validation of mapping and simulation. The developed DES model demonstrated the impact of changes planned to be implemented by showing a considerable increase in production capacity growth, by achieving a target of 50% increase of aircraft rate/month within one year. It also highlighted the main problems causing blockages and other non-value activities in the process.
Laura Lopez-Davalos; Amer Liaqat; Windo Hutabarat; Divya Tiwari; Ashutosh Tiwari. Investigating Rate Increase in Aerospace Factory By Simulation of Material Flow Operations. Inventive Computation and Information Technologies 2018, 42 -49.
AMA StyleLaura Lopez-Davalos, Amer Liaqat, Windo Hutabarat, Divya Tiwari, Ashutosh Tiwari. Investigating Rate Increase in Aerospace Factory By Simulation of Material Flow Operations. Inventive Computation and Information Technologies. 2018; ():42-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Lopez-Davalos; Amer Liaqat; Windo Hutabarat; Divya Tiwari; Ashutosh Tiwari. 2018. "Investigating Rate Increase in Aerospace Factory By Simulation of Material Flow Operations." Inventive Computation and Information Technologies , no. : 42-49.
The use of optical fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) to monitor the Interface Pressure Distribution (IPD) on an automotive disc brake pad under a variety of loading conditions is studied. The results demonstrate successful strain transfer from the brake pads to the attached FBG sensors under static loading, with a linear response to increasing pressure, and with the measured IPD showing good agreement with that recorded using pressure sensitive paper. Results are also presented demonstrating that changes in the IPD as a result of torque acting on the brake pads can be monitored by the FBG sensors. © (2017) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
B. T. Major; Divya Tiwari; R. Correia; S. W. James; M. Tirovic; R. P. Tatam. Fibre Bragg grating sensors for the analysis of pressure distribution at a disc brake/pad interface. 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors 2017, 10323, 103232 .
AMA StyleB. T. Major, Divya Tiwari, R. Correia, S. W. James, M. Tirovic, R. P. Tatam. Fibre Bragg grating sensors for the analysis of pressure distribution at a disc brake/pad interface. 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors. 2017; 10323 ():103232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. T. Major; Divya Tiwari; R. Correia; S. W. James; M. Tirovic; R. P. Tatam. 2017. "Fibre Bragg grating sensors for the analysis of pressure distribution at a disc brake/pad interface." 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors 10323, no. : 103232.
The use of an optical fibre long period grating (LPG) as a soil moisture sensor is reported. Characterization of the device in both clay and sandy soils revealed a sensitivity to moisture levels in the range 10-50%, and the results were compared with the output from a Theta probe, the standard soil moisture sensor, which measures the impedance of the soil.
J. S. Hallett; Matthew Partridge; S. W. James; Divya Tiwari; T. Farewell; S. H. Hallett; R. P. Tatam. Soil moisture content measurement using optical fiber long period gratings. 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors 2017, 10323, 103232J .
AMA StyleJ. S. Hallett, Matthew Partridge, S. W. James, Divya Tiwari, T. Farewell, S. H. Hallett, R. P. Tatam. Soil moisture content measurement using optical fiber long period gratings. 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors. 2017; 10323 ():103232J.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. S. Hallett; Matthew Partridge; S. W. James; Divya Tiwari; T. Farewell; S. H. Hallett; R. P. Tatam. 2017. "Soil moisture content measurement using optical fiber long period gratings." 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors 10323, no. : 103232J.
The development of a highly sensitive ammonia sensor is described. The sensor is formed by deposition of a nanoscale coating of titanium dioxide, containing a porphyrin as a functional material, onto a tapered optical fibre. The titanium dioxide coating allows coupling of light from the fundamental core mode to a lossy mode supported by the coating, thus creating a Lossy Mode Resonance (LMR) in the transmission spectrum. A change in the refractive index of the coating caused by the interaction of the porphyrin with ammonia causes a change in the centre wavelength of the LMR, allowing concentrations of ammonia in water as low as 0.1ppm to be detected, with a response time of less than 30s
Divya Tiwari; Kevin Mullaney; Sergiy Korposh; Stephen James; Seung-Woo Lee; Ralph Tatam. An ammonia sensor based on Lossy Mode Resonances on a tapered optical fibre coated with porphyrin-incorporated titanium dioxide. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2017, 242, 645 -652.
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Kevin Mullaney, Sergiy Korposh, Stephen James, Seung-Woo Lee, Ralph Tatam. An ammonia sensor based on Lossy Mode Resonances on a tapered optical fibre coated with porphyrin-incorporated titanium dioxide. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2017; 242 ():645-652.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Kevin Mullaney; Sergiy Korposh; Stephen James; Seung-Woo Lee; Ralph Tatam. 2017. "An ammonia sensor based on Lossy Mode Resonances on a tapered optical fibre coated with porphyrin-incorporated titanium dioxide." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 242, no. : 645-652.
The development of an ammonia sensor, formed by the deposition of a functionalised titanium dioxide film onto a tapered optical fibre is presented. The titanium dioxide coating allows the coupling of light from the fundamental core mode to a lossy mode supported by the coating, thus creating lossy mode resonance (LMR) in the transmission spectrum. The porphyrin compound that was used to functionalise the coating was removed from the titanium dioxide coating upon exposure to ammonia, causing a change in the refractive index of the coating and a concomitant shift in the central wavelength of the lossy mode resonance. Concentrations of ammonia as small as 1ppm was detected with a response time of less than 1min. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Divya Tiwari; Kevin Mullaney; Serhiy Korposh; Stephen W. James; Seung-Woo Lee; Ralph P. Tatam. Ammonia sensing using lossy mode resonances in a tapered optical fibre coated with porphyrin-incorporated titanium dioxide. Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors 2016, 9916, 99161 .
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Kevin Mullaney, Serhiy Korposh, Stephen W. James, Seung-Woo Lee, Ralph P. Tatam. Ammonia sensing using lossy mode resonances in a tapered optical fibre coated with porphyrin-incorporated titanium dioxide. Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors. 2016; 9916 ():99161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Kevin Mullaney; Serhiy Korposh; Stephen W. James; Seung-Woo Lee; Ralph P. Tatam. 2016. "Ammonia sensing using lossy mode resonances in a tapered optical fibre coated with porphyrin-incorporated titanium dioxide." Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors 9916, no. : 99161.
Two highly sensitive ammonia sensors, formed by depositing coatings composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) onto the cladding of an optical fibre sensing platform, are evaluated. A long period grating (LPG) of period 111 μm was fabricated in the core of an optical fibre so that the LPG operates at or near the phase matching turning point (PMTP). The first coating that was investigated was composed of TiO2 nanoparticles deposited by liquid phase deposition. The sensor showed high sensitivity and allowed low concentrations of ammonia in water (0.01 ppm) to be detected with a response time of less than 60 sec. The second coating was composed of TiO2 with subsequent layers of poly (allyamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and SiO2 nanospheres infused with a sensitive element composed of porphine. The ammonia adsorption to the porphine compound led to the changes in the LPG’s transmission spectrum and allowed 0.1 ppm of ammonia in water to be detected with a response time of less than 60 sec.
Divya Tiwari; Stephen James; Ralph Tatam; Sergiy Korposh; S. W. Lee. A high-sensitivity chemical sensor based on titania coated optical-fiber long period grating for ammonia sensing in water. Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference 2015, 9655, 96552H .
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Stephen James, Ralph Tatam, Sergiy Korposh, S. W. Lee. A high-sensitivity chemical sensor based on titania coated optical-fiber long period grating for ammonia sensing in water. Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference. 2015; 9655 ():96552H.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Stephen James; Ralph Tatam; Sergiy Korposh; S. W. Lee. 2015. "A high-sensitivity chemical sensor based on titania coated optical-fiber long period grating for ammonia sensing in water." Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference 9655, no. : 96552H.
Divya Tiwari; Steve Dunn. Photochemical reduction of Al3+ to Al0 over a ferroelectric photocatalyst — LiNbO3. Materials Letters 2012, 79, 18 -20.
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Steve Dunn. Photochemical reduction of Al3+ to Al0 over a ferroelectric photocatalyst — LiNbO3. Materials Letters. 2012; 79 ():18-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Steve Dunn. 2012. "Photochemical reduction of Al3+ to Al0 over a ferroelectric photocatalyst — LiNbO3." Materials Letters 79, no. : 18-20.
Silver nanoparticle deposition from an aqueous solution of 0.01 M silver nitrate solution onto the c+ domain of PZT (30/70) thin films has been investigated for samples annealed at a variety of temperatures from 530 to 690 °C. The impact of annealing was to increase the deposition of photoreduced silver on the surface. When the PZT samples were annealed in air at temperatures ranging from 530 to 690 °C the silver deposition increased by more than 200%. The increase in the deposition of the silver is attributed to increase in the defect concentration due to the volatilisation of components from the PZT, most importantly PbO. Variations in the Pb concentration of the sample are measured using EDX and show a marked change, reduction in Pb, with annealing temperature
Divya Tiwari; Steve Dunn. Influence of annealing on the photochemical deposition of silver onto PZT thin films under UV irradiation. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2009, 29, 2799 -2805.
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Steve Dunn. Influence of annealing on the photochemical deposition of silver onto PZT thin films under UV irradiation. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2009; 29 (13):2799-2805.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Steve Dunn. 2009. "Influence of annealing on the photochemical deposition of silver onto PZT thin films under UV irradiation." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29, no. 13: 2799-2805.
The continued development of ferroelectric materials into more and more consumer led applications has been at the forefront of recent ferroelectric material research. It is, however, possible to view a ferroelectric as a wide band gap semi-conductor that can sustain a surface charge density. This charge density arises from the movement of ions in the crystal lattice and the need to compensate for this charge. When viewing ferroelectrics as polarisable semi-conductors a large number of new interactions are possible. One such is the use of super band gap illumination to generate electron–hole pairs. These photogenerated carriers can then perform local electrochemistry. What is most interesting for ferroelectric materials is that the REDOX chemistry can be chosen by selectively modifying the domain structure of the ferroelectric—we can perform oxidation and reduction on the surface of the same material at spatially separate locations, or use the material to drive photoexcited carriers apart. This means we can separate the REDOX products or produce patterns of photogenerated material in places we have predetermined. This review aims to introduce the background research that has led to the current understanding as well a highlight some of the current areas that require further development.
Divya Tiwari; Steve Dunn. Photochemistry on a polarisable semi-conductor: what do we understand today? Journal of Materials Science 2009, 44, 5063 -5079.
AMA StyleDivya Tiwari, Steve Dunn. Photochemistry on a polarisable semi-conductor: what do we understand today? Journal of Materials Science. 2009; 44 (19):5063-5079.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya Tiwari; Steve Dunn. 2009. "Photochemistry on a polarisable semi-conductor: what do we understand today?" Journal of Materials Science 44, no. 19: 5063-5079.
Silver nanoparticle deposition from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate onto the surface of PZT thin films of stoichiometric compositions PbZr 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 3 and PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 has been investigated. The impact of Zr/Ti ratio on the photochemical properties of PZT is shown by the preferential growth of silver nanoparticles onto the surface. Photoreduction of silver occurs on both c + and c − domains on PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 whereas it occurs only on c + domains on a PbZr 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 3 surface. The difference in deposition pattern is attributed to difference in magnitude of spontaneous polarization, effective hole concentration and band gap of the two samples which impacts shape and width of space charge layer in the two samples resulting in a change in band bending at the surface.
D. Tiwari; S. Dunn; Q. Zhang. Impact of Zr/Ti ratio in the PZT on the photoreduction of silver nanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin 2009, 44, 1219 -1224.
AMA StyleD. Tiwari, S. Dunn, Q. Zhang. Impact of Zr/Ti ratio in the PZT on the photoreduction of silver nanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin. 2009; 44 (6):1219-1224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Tiwari; S. Dunn; Q. Zhang. 2009. "Impact of Zr/Ti ratio in the PZT on the photoreduction of silver nanoparticles." Materials Research Bulletin 44, no. 6: 1219-1224.
S. Dunn; Divya Tiwari. Influence of ferroelectricity on the photoelectric effect of LiNbO[sub 3]. Applied Physics Letters 2008, 93, 92905 .
AMA StyleS. Dunn, Divya Tiwari. Influence of ferroelectricity on the photoelectric effect of LiNbO[sub 3]. Applied Physics Letters. 2008; 93 (9):92905.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Dunn; Divya Tiwari. 2008. "Influence of ferroelectricity on the photoelectric effect of LiNbO[sub 3]." Applied Physics Letters 93, no. 9: 92905.
Recently there has been great interest in using patterned ferroelectric materials for the photochemical growth of metal nanostructures. Variations in surface and sub-surface structure influence the photochemical processes. Here we show that crystallography, and hence remnant polarization, of the ferroelectric affects photo-deposition. The ratio of metal growth on c− and c+ domains varies from 1 : 2 for [100] to 1 : 100 for [111]. This is shown to be dependent on the variations in the band structure.
Steve Dunn; Divya Tiwari; Paul M. Jones; Diego E. Gallardo. Insights into the relationship between inherent materials properties of PZT and photochemistry for the development of nanostructured silver. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2007, 17, 4460 -4463.
AMA StyleSteve Dunn, Divya Tiwari, Paul M. Jones, Diego E. Gallardo. Insights into the relationship between inherent materials properties of PZT and photochemistry for the development of nanostructured silver. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2007; 17 (42):4460-4463.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteve Dunn; Divya Tiwari; Paul M. Jones; Diego E. Gallardo. 2007. "Insights into the relationship between inherent materials properties of PZT and photochemistry for the development of nanostructured silver." Journal of Materials Chemistry 17, no. 42: 4460-4463.