Handheld X-ray Fluorescence devices (HH-XRF) have given archaeologists and conservators the opportunity to study a wide range of materials encountered in their work with great accessibility and flexibility. The investigation of copper-based artefacts is a frequent application of these instruments in the field of cultural heritage as it gives direct and rapid quantitative results that can provide very important information about them, such as their fabrication technology. This paper discusses the comparison of quantitative results, obtained by a commercial handheld XRF device “Bruker Tracer 5g” on certified standards, compositionally significant in copper-based alloys of interest in the field of cultural heritage. The measured elemental concentrations were derived using three different calibrations, which were examined for their accuracy. Two of them were based on the empirical coefficients approach, performed by the built-in calibration/software (copper alloy calibrations provided by Bruker manufacturer and the Bruker EasyCal software), while the third one was performed off-line by processing the spectra with an independent fundamental parameters (FP) software (PyMca version 5.9.2., a X-ray fluorescence analysis software developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility). The results highlight that although HH-XRF devices simplify data collection, for optimal quantitative results, the correct choice of analysis conditions and calibration method still requires a detailed understanding of the principles of X-ray spectrometry.

Non-destructive portable techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage items are essential for enhancing our understanding of these objects and providing valuable information for potential restoration interventions. This paper presents a combined use of pulsed thermography, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy to investigate the ancient bronze “Il Togato”, yielding complementary information concerning the techniques used for creating this artefact and its conservation status. Specifically, thermographic analysis has highlighted the presence of many patches of different size used for emending superficial cast defects, weldings used to connect parts separately cast to the main structure, cracks, and defects located in the bronze thickness. On the other hand, XRF provided information on the composition of the gilding which characterises the statue, and supplied an estimate of its thickness through the use of a stratification model. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy has been applied to identify corrosion products. The experimental results presented in the paper provide a comprehensive knowledge of the bronze under investigation and assess the effectiveness of the portable non-destructive techniques employed in the analysis.