Nowadays, a large number of customers are spending their time on social and digital media for a variety of purposes ranging from information searching to the final purchase of products. Responding to this shift, marketers are spending a significant part of the advertising budget on digital marketing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review articles on digital marketing to identify top themes, determine the current status of research in digital marketing and indicate how influential works have shaped it. This research has reviewed 925 papers published between 2000 and 2019 in Scopus by applying bibliometrics analysis. These results show that on average 2.18 authors have contributed to every single paper on digital marketing and the collaboration index is 2.71. The top contributing countries in the digital marketing field are USA, India and UK. The study also identifies three dominant clusters in digital marketing research, e.g., 1) strategic planning with digital marketing 2) mobile marketing with apps development and 3) dealing with demographic profiles of customers.

Marketing has traversed a long path from traditional to digital marketing to metaverse marketing in Industry 4.0. Different marketing scholars and academicians have predicted that the rules of marketing game are going to take a paradigm shift in the era of metaverse marketing. Hence, the primary objective of this literature review is to understand the application of metaverse in marketing or how marketing strategies and tactics can take place in the metaverse. In order to do this review research, 68 research articles have been identified from two prominent databases: Google Scholar and Scopus. Widely used PRISMA protocol has been used for this research paper identification. After selecting and downloading the papers, authors have manually reviewed each. Finally, the application of marketing strategies and tactics suggested by different researchers identified and recorded with Microsoft Excel and then analyzed with an advanced data visualization software called RAWGraph. The findings indicate that marketing strategies and tactics in the metaverse can be categorized into six (6) major categories. These are (1) segmentation, targeting, and positioning, (2) 4Ps, (3) branding, (4) customer relationship marketing and partner relationship marketing, (5) competitive strategies, and (6) marketing metrics and automation. The contributions of this study are as follows: (a) it developed a timeline map demonstrating the evolution of marketing technology over time and (b) it synthesized existing literature and presented how marketing strategies and tactics can be applied in the metaverse or immersive world. Received: 17 March 2025 | Revised: 4 July 2025 | Accepted: 19 August 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Author Contribution Statement Mohammad Faruk: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, and Project administration. Sagor Ejarder: Software, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, and Visualization. Rabeya Jannat: Formal analysis, Resources, and Writing – original draft. Md. Imran Hossain: Software, Resources, Writing – original draft, and Visualization. Md. Hafizur Rahman: Methodology, Resources, and Writing – review & editing. Md. Shahanur Islam: Resources, Writing – review & editing, and Visualization.

The development of human capital is significantly impacted by the way teachers nurture and expand their students' intellectual capacity. The motivation of teachers is a crucial determinant of their performance, and consequently, it influences the success and achievements of their students. In the context of Bangladesh's tertiary education system, the purpose of this study is to look into the implications of motivational theories on explaining and improving university teachers' performance. Along with the Maslow's and Herzberg's needs theory, there are other motivation theories and this study will investigate the current aspects that affect teachers' performance. A convenience sample of 200 randomly chosen informants is obtained via structured survey. To evaluate the study's hypotheses, factor analysis is used. The results indicate that most instructors in Bangladesh lack intrinsic motivation, which has no visible impact on their performance. Conversely, extrinsic incentive and instructors' performance are positively and significantly correlated. The whole basic wage package seems to have the greatest influence on teachers' motivation among all other elements. Finally, the study recommends that stakeholders should prioritize and enhance incentives, putting an emphasis on sustainable development to raise living standards in rural areas for teachers to boost their level of motivation and performance.