The process of climate warming significantly affects agroclimatic resources and agricultural production. We study the agroclimatic resources and their variability on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia). The Bashkortostan has a high agricultural potential and holds a leading position in the country in the production of grain crops, potatoes, milk, and honey. Currently, no detailed studies have been conducted for this area to assess the effects of global climate change on agro-climatic resources. World experience shows such research becomes strategically important for regions with powerful agricultural production. We used the sums of average daily air temperatures above 0 and 10 °C, the G.T. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, and the Ped aridity (humidification) index as agroclimatic indicators. We used data of long-term meteorological observations of 30 meteorological stations for the period of 1961–2020. We revealed the long-term dynamics of the agroclimatic indicators and the spatial and temporal regularities in their distribution on the territory of Bashkortostan. There is a steady increase in the sums of average daily air temperatures above 0 and 10 °C. Against this background, aridity increases, which is especially manifested in the southern parts of the Republic of Bashkortostan. We assessed the impact of agroclimatic indicators on the main types of agricultural crops in the republic. We revealed that the greatest positive impact on the yield of oilseeds, cereals, and industrial crops is made by precipitation at the beginning (r = 0.50, r = 0.44, and r = 0.52, respectively) and in the middle of the growing season (r = 0.55, r = 0.76, and r = 0.51, respectively). Temperature and precipitation during the growing season have a complex effect on cereals. This is proven by correlations with HCS and the Ped index (r = 0.45 and r = −0.56, respectively). Aridity at the beginning of the growing season affects the yield of oilseeds and potatoes. This is confirmed by correlations with the Ped index (r = −0.49 and r = −0.52, respectively). In general, the aridity of the growing season has a significant impact on the yield of cereals (r = −0.57). Negative relationships have been found between the air temperature growing season and the yield of potatoes (r = −0.50) and cereals (r = −0.53). The results of the study were compared with data from the Copernicus Climate Change Service database. We identified climate trends under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5 scenarios. These scenarios should be taken into account when developing plans for the adaptation of agriculture in the Republic of Bashkortostan to changes in the regional climate. Maximum decrease in precipitation is established for the RCP 6.0 scenario. This can have an extremely negative impact on crop yields. This problem is especially relevant for the southern part of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The information presented in the study will allow for a more effective adaptation of the agricultural sector to current and future climate changes.

The article provides an assessment of climatic characteristics and changes in floodplain soils after the implementation of a drainage system. The study was conducted in the northern forest-steppe zone of the East European Plain (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Through the analysis of long-term meteorological observations from 1961 to 2020, it was found that there was a steady increase in air temperature in all months and throughout the year, an increase in the period with positive temperatures, a slight increase in annual precipitation, and a reduction in precipitation during certain months of the warm season. Over the past 40 years, the drainage system has transformed the soil cover from Gleysols to Anthrosols, due to a decrease in the level of groundwater, agricultural use, as well as warming of the climate in the region. Thus, the transformation of soil cover can potentially contribute to climate change through the depletion of soil organic carbon stocks and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, currently, the natural and climatic conditions, morphological, water-physical, and agrochemical properties of Anthrosols allow for the production of two harvests of fodder crop (Bromus inermis L.) during the vegetation period. In general, the change in climatic indicators in the study area is consistent with the global trend. Our results underscore the sensitivity of soil systems to climatic variations and human activities, highlighting the need for local studies to understand regional and global environmental changes.

The study is aimed at identifying the relationships between the natural and climatic conditions of small-leaved linden growth sites and their nectar productivity. During a comparative assessment of the nectar productivity of small-leaved linden plantations and hydrometeorological data (hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), Pedya Aridity Index) from 2018 to 2023 in the territories of protected areas located in different natural and climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan, it was found that in 2019 there were the most optimal conditions for nectar secretion of linden plantations. In the fall of 2018, according to the Pedya Index, it was noted that in the Zilim Nature Park, during the entire warm period, there were "normal moisture conditions", which made it possible to obtain maximum nectar production in 2019 under conditions of optimal moisture supply (HTC = 1.81) was 397.2 ± 39.7 kg/ha. In the Shaitan-Tau Nature Reserve in 2019, during the linden flowering period, drought conditions observed, according to the Pedya Index, and nectar production was only 232.8 kg/ha. Optimal hydrothermal conditions allow plants to develop well and produce more nectar. Hydrometeorological indicators of the previous year can be used to predict potential nectar productivity in the current year. For example, if the previous year was wet and warm, this can have a positive effect on flowering and nectar secretion in the current year.

The paper deals with the impact of climate change on the environment and natural processes in the Trans-Ural steppe zone within the Republic of Bashkortostan. Grade changes in climatic conditions were based on climatology in the traditional trend-analysis of fixed temperature and humidity parameters, application parameters hydrothermal: moisturizing factor GN Vysotsky-N.N. Ivanov, atmospheric moisture index (or dryness index) D.A. Pedia for the period from 1966 to 2015. Long-term observations of the network of meteorological stations were used as data for the analysis. Trends in the increase in air temperature with a slight decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation were found. A comprehensive analysis of indicators of heat supply and moisture supply indicates an increase in climate aridity, especially in summer; in winter, the severity of the climate decreases. The revealed tendencies of the main climatic indicators will influence the nature of natural processes in the steppe zone of the Bashkir Trans-Urals. In particular, examples of the influence of changes in climatic conditions on soil erosion processes are considered. It was found that climate changes and the existing system of farming in the steppe zone of the Trans-Urals lead to a decrease in soil resistance to air and water erosion.

The study of cloud cover and its characteristics (quantity and forms) is of practical interest, especially for large cities. Cloud cover, having a dual effect (albedo and greenhouse), is an important factor in the formation of the thermal regime in the conditions of global climate change. This article presents the results of the analysis of daily, annual and long-termchanges in thecloudcover regime in thecity of Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). Urgent data from long-term observations of clouds (1966–2020) were used for the analysis. The main patterns of the daily course of clouds in the months of the cold and warm period of the year are revealed. The long-term dynamics of cloud cover has shown that its number has a significant upward trend.